Energy Observatory Report 2017.

ENERGY OBSERVATORY REPORT 2017 NOVEMBER 2018 i TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. iv 1 ENERGY SUPPLY.............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................6 1.2 Imports....................................................................................................................................6 1.3 Primary energy requirement ..................................................................................................7 1.4 Production of Primary Energy – Local Renewable Sources ....................................................9 1.4.1 Hydroelectricity.............................................................................................................11 1.4.2 Bagasse..........................................................................................................................11 1.4.3 Photovoltaics (PV).........................................................................................................12 1.4.4 Electricity from Wind energy ........................................................................................13 1.4.5 Electricity from Landfill gas...........................................................................................14 1.4.6 Electricity from biogas ..................................................................................................14 1.4.7 Solar Thermal – Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in Mauritius............................................14 1.5 Petroleum products ..............................................................................................................14 1.6 Primary energy re-export......................................................................................................16 1.7 Stock variation ......................................................................................................................16 1.8 Dependency on Imported Energy Carriers ...........................................................................16 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION CAPACITY........................................................................................... 17 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 19 4 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION..................................................................................................... 25 4.1 General..................................................................................................................................25 4.2 Final Energy consumption - Transport sector.......................................................................26 4.2.1 Vehicle fleet ..................................................................................................................26 4.2.2 Fuel Consumption.........................................................................................................27 4.3 Final energy consumption - Manufacturing sector...............................................................29 4.4 Final energy consumption - Household sector .....................................................................31 4.5 Final energy consumption - Commercial sector ...................................................................32 4.6 Final energy consumption - Agricultural sector....................................................................33 4.7 Electricity consumption ........................................................................................................34 4.8 Fossil Fuel consumption........................................................................................................35 5 CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO FOSSIL FUELS ......................................................................................... 36 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................36 ii 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions...................................................................................................36 5.3 Inventory of CO2 from energy sources for the Republic of Mauritius in 2017 .....................37 5.4 Trend of CO2 emissions .........................................................................................................37 5.5 CO2 emissions for electricity generation...............................................................................38 5.6 CO2 emission in the transport sector (inclusive of aviation).................................................38 6 KEY FIGURES.................................................................................................................................. 39 7 SUMMARY TABLE 2016................................................................................................................. 40 8 SUMMARY TABLE 2017................................................................................................................. 41 9 GROWTH PERCENTAGE (%) IN 2017 COMPARED TO 2016 .......................................................... 42 10 ENERGY PATTERN 2017 ................................................................................................................ 43 11 TABLE OF INDICATORS.................................................................................................................. 44 12 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................................... 45 13 ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS................................................................................................... 49 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 - Imports of energy sources ....................................................................................................6 Table 1.2 - Primary energy requirement 2016 – 2017............................................................................8 Table 1.3 - Primary energy supply in 2017 – Local resources...............................................................10 Table 1.4 - Ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse, 2008 - 2017.......................................12 Table 1.5 – SSDG summary, Island of Mauritius...................................................................................13 Table 1.6 - SSDG summary, Island of Rodrigues ...................................................................................13 Table 1.7 - Electricity produced from biogas at St Martin Treatment plant.........................................14 Table 1.8 - Import of petroleum products, 2008 – 2017 ......................................................................15 Table 1.9 - Primary energy re-export....................................................................................................16 Table 1.10 - Variation in stock year ......................................................................................................16 Table 1.11 - Energy Dependency Rate, 2008 – 2017 ............................................................................16 Table 2.1 - Capacity of power plants in 2017........................................................................................17 Table 3.1 - Conversion efficiency of power plants................................................................................19 Table 3.2 - Summary of electricity production, 2008 – 2017 ...............................................................25 Table 4.1 - New and second hand imported car, 2008-2017................................................................27 Table 4.2 - Fuel consumption in the Transport sector..........................................................................27 Table 4.3 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2017 ................................................34 Table 4.4 - Analysis of domestic electricity consumption, 2008 – 2017...............................................35 Table 4.5 - Fossil fuel consumption (toe) by sector, 2017....................................................................35 Table 5.1 - CO2 emissions, 2008 -2017.................................................................................................37 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Fossil energy imports, 2017.................................................................................................6 Figure 1.2 - Trend of fossil fuel imports..................................................................................................7 Figure 1.3 - Primary Energy Requirement (ktoe) 2017...........................................................................8 Figure 1.4 - Primary Energy Requirement, 2008 - 2017..........................................................................9 Figure 1.5 - Trend of primary energy from local resources, 2008 – 2017 ............................................10 Figure 1.6 - Trend of Hydro-electric Generation, 2008 to 2017 ...........................................................11 Figure 1.7 - Trend of electricity generation from bagasse, 2008 to 2017 ............................................12 Figure 2.1 - Trend of effective power plant capacity, 2008 – 2017......................................................18 Figure 3.1 - Share of electricity production by fuel type, 2017 ............................................................19 Figure 3.2 - Trend of electricity production, 2008 - 2017.....................................................................20 Figure 3.3 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Mauritius), 2008 – 2017.............................................21 Figure 3.4 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues), 2008 - 2017 .............................................22 Figure 3.5 - Electricity demand (MW) trend, 2008 to 2017 (Island of Mauritius) ................................23 Figure 3.6 – Seasonal peak demand profile, 2008................................................................................24 Figure 3.7 – Seasonal peak demand profile, 2017................................................................................24 Figure 4.1 : Final energy consumption by sector, 2008– 2017.............................................................26 Figure 4.2 - Vehicle fleet by type of fuel in 2017..................................................................................26 Figure 4.3 - Fuel consumption share in sub-sectors of the Transport sector in 2008 and in 2017 ......28 Figure 4.4 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in sub-sectors of Transport sector 2008 – 2017 ...................28 Figure 4.5 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in land Transport, 2008 - 2017..............................................29 Figure 4.6 - Share of energy sources in the Manufacturing Sector, 2017 ............................................30 Figure 4.7 - Trend of energy consumption in the Manufacturing Sector, 2008 – 2017 .......................30 Figure 4.8 - Share of energy sources, Household sector, 2017 ............................................................31 Figure 4.9 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Household sector, 2008 - 2017....................................31 Figure 4.10 - Share of energy sources in the Commercial sector, 2017 ...............................................32 Figure 4.11 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Commercial sector, 2008 - 2017................................32 Figure 4.12 - Share of energy sources in Agricultural sector, 2017......................................................33 Figure 4.13 - Share of fuel consumption in the Agricultural sector, 2008 – 2017................................33 Figure 4.14 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2017 .............................................34 Figure 4.15 - Share of fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2017............................................................36 Figure 5.1 - Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 2017 .............................37 Figure 5.2 - Trend of CO2 emissions, 2008 – 2017................................................................................38 v Note: All data in this report refer to the Republic of Mauritius, unless otherwise specified and may be subject to revision in subsequent issues. The figures for Republic of Mauritius include those for the Island of Mauritius and the Island of Rodrigues. Rounding of error may be present on certain totals. Disclaimer: This report has been compiled using data from Statistics Mauritius, the National Transport Authority and Central Electricity Board. Neither the Energy Efficiency Management Office, nor any of its employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information in this report. 6 " P a g e 1 ENERGY SUPPLY 1.1 Introduction The energy supply of Mauritius is divided into: - imports of primary energy (Fossil fuels: Heavy Fuel Oil. Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Gasolene, Diesel, Kerosene, Aviation fuel, Coal); - production of primary energy (Local resources: Bagasse, hydro, wind, landfill gas, fuelwood, photovoltaic); - primary energy re-exports; and - variation of stocks. 1.2 Imports The imports of energy sources in 2017 totalled 2531 ktoe, as shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 - Imports of energy sources Fossil Energy Imports 2017 ktonne ktoe Coal 1430.6 886.9 Gasolene 172.2 186.0 Diesel oil 346.7 350.1 Aviation fuel 309.7 322.1 Kerosene 2.0 2.1 Fuel oil 648.7 622.7 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 149.4 161.4 TOTAL 3059.2 2531.3 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius The distribution of fossil energy imports in 2017 is shown in Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 - Fossil energy imports, 2017 Coal 35% Gasolene 7% Diesel oil 14% Aviation fuel 13% kerosene 0% Fuel oil 25% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 6% 7 " P a g e Petroleum products are intended mostly for the sectors of transport, electricity generation, manufacturing as well as in the household, commercial and agriculture sectors. Coal is used primarily for power generation from thermal coal/bagasse power plants with a small fraction being used in the manufacturing sector. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used mainly as cooking and water heating fuel, to a lesser extent as fuel for vehicles. Fig 1.2 shows the trend of fossil fuel import for the period 2008-2017. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.2 - Trend of fossil fuel imports In 2017, the amount of fossil fuels imported increased by 23.6% compared to 2016. The total import bill of energy sources for 2017 amounted to Rs 29,406 M compared to Rs 21,610 M in 2016, representing an increase of 36%. , due to increases in the average imports price of petroleum products as follows: gasolene (+15.9%), diesel oil (+13.5%), dual purpose kerosene (+17.1%), fuel oil (+34.9%) and LPG (+43.6%). On the other hand, there was a slight decrease in the average imports price of coal by 2.3%. 1.3 Primary energy requirement The primary energy requirements are met from imported sources and from local renewable sources as shown in Table 1.2. 376.0 347.1 409.6 409.3 452.2 439.2 478.5 498.6 573.8 886.9 117.2 112.8 130.2 126.0 138.4 149.3 148.9 167.1 182.3 186.0 331.7 290.9 313.5 313.0 316.9 339.5 306.7 321.9 342.5 350.1 272.7 212.9 244.2 235.4 221.5 250.7 241.3 279.6 296.4 322.1 6.1 4.3 7.0 4.5 7.3 3.0 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.1 279.4 330.0 327.8 417.4 385.2 411.9 390.2 427.3 470.1 622.7 68.2 67.6 67.7 71.6 73.3 73.7 81.6 78.3 180.4 161.4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ktoe Year Coal Gasolene Diesel oil Aviation fuel kerosene Fuel oil Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 8 " P a g e Table 1.2 - Primary energy requirement 2016 – 2017 Energy source Primary energy requirement (ktoe) % change 2016 2017 Imported fuels Coal 455.3 471.3 3.5 % Gasoline 178.9 187.7 4.9 % Diesel Oil 210.5 214.4 1.9 % Aviation Fuel 147.6 160.2 8.6 % Kerosene 0.8 1.0 25.3 % Fuel Oil 254.4 269.3 5.9 % LPG 80.9 81.3 0.5 % Sub Total 1328.4 1385.3 4.3 % Local resources Bagasse 206.1 194.3 -5.7 % Fuelwood 6.4 6.4 -1.1 % Photovoltaic 2.6 2.8 8.9 % Landfill gas 1.6 1.5 -9.5 % Hydro 8.6 7.7 -9.7 % Wind 1.5 1.3 -18.9 % Sub Total 226.8 214.0 -5.7 % TOTAL 1555.2 1599.2 2.8 % Data Source: Statistics Mauritius In 2017, the primary energy requirement amounted to 1599.3 ktoe representing an increase of 2.8 % compared to 2016. Figure 1.3 shows the share of fuel source in the primary energy requirement for year 2017. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.3 - Primary Energy Requirement (ktoe) 2017 Coal, 29.5% Gasoline, 11.7% Diesel Oil, 13.4% Aviation Fuel, 10.0% Kerosene, 0.1% Fuel Oil, 16.8% LPG, 5.1% Bagasse, 12.2% Fuelwood, 0.4% Photovoltaic, 0.2% Landfill gas, 0.1% Hydro, 0.5% Wind, 0.1% Primary Energy Requirement 2017 9 " P a g e The evolution of primary energy requirement over the period 2008 to 2017 is shown in Figure 1.4. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.4 - Primary Energy Requirement, 2008 - 2017 1.4 Production of Primary Energy – Local Renewable Sources Examples of renewable energy sources are wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal, hydro energy including energy derived from biomass, landfill gas, sewage gas, and biogas. In Mauritius, the main sources of renewable energy exploited are biomass, in the form of sugar cane bagasse, hydro, PV, wind, landfill gas and fuel wood. A total of 214.0 ktoe of local resources was tapped in 2017, as shown in Table 1.3. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 LPG 67.9 68.9 70.2 71.1 72.6 74.9 76.7 79.2 80.9 81.3 Fuel oil 213.3 227.9 232.2 248.1 245.5 248.5 254.8 259.2 254.4 269.3 kerosene 4.0 6.7 8.0 4.3 3.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 Aviation fuel 136.9 110.5 123.3 134.3 115.0 120.7 126.8 124.3 147.6 160.2 Diesel oil 205.4 206.7 213.6 210.1 213.4 207.0 208.0 209.6 210.5 214.4 Gasoline 109.5 120.6 127.7 130.0 136.6 142.7 151.7 163.0 178.9 187.7 Coal 403.9 369.3 414.1 397.7 418.4 440.6 460.3 446.9 455.3 471.3 Wind 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.5 1.3 Hydro 9.3 10.5 8.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 7.8 10.5 8.6 7.7 Landfill gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 Photovoltaic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.8 Fuelwood 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.4 Bagasse 246.4 218.0 225.0 218.1 206.5 201.7 193.4 230.1 206.1 194.3 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1800.0 KTOE Primary Energy Requirement 10 " P a g e Table 1.3 - Primary energy supply in 2017 – Local resources Local Resources ktonne GWh ktoe Bagasse 1215.0 194.3 Fuelwood 16.7 6.4 Photovoltaic 33.0 2.8 Landfill gas 16.9 1.5 Hydro 89.8 7.7 Wind 14.6 1.3 Total 1231.7 154.3 214.0 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius In 2017, primary energy from local resources decreased by 5.6%, compared to 2016. Bagasse is the main source of primary energy from local resources. The Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme implemented by the CEB, which allows Small Independent Power Producers (SIPP) to feed electricity generated through photovoltaic systems installed on their premises to the CEB grid. 2.8 ktoe of electricity was generated in 2017 from photovoltaic systems. Figure 1.5 shows the trend of primary energy obtained from local resources from 2008 to 2017: Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.5 - Trend of primary energy from local resources, 2008 – 2017 246.4 218.0 225.0 218.1 206.5 201.7 193.4 230.1 206.1 194.4 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.8 9.3 10.5 8.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 7.8 10.5 8.6 7.7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.5 1.3 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 KTOE YEAR Bagasse Fuelwood Landfill Gas Photovoltaic Hydro Wind (Rodrigues Island) 11 " P a g e 1.4.1 Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity is a form of energy generated by the conversion of the energy from free-falling water to electricity. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.6 - Trend of Hydro-electric Generation, 2008 to 2017 Hydroelectric power generation accounted for 2.9% of total electricity produced in 2017. Fluctuations in hydroelectric power generation tend to follow annual rainfall levels as shown in Figure 1.6. In 2011, the discrepancy between hydroelectric power generation and rainfall level can be attributed to the water shortage that affected the island of Mauritius where water, that otherwise would have been used for hydroelectric power generation, had to be diverted for use in other sectors. 1.4.2 Bagasse Bagasse is the fibrous residue of sugar cane used on sugar estates for steam production to meet their own requirements and also for the production of electricity. Figure 1.7 gives the bagasse input for electricity generation and the amount generated over the period 2008 to 2017. In 2017, 1078.8 ktonnes of bagasse was used for electricity generation as compared to 1129.5 ktonnes in 2016. This was due to a decrease of 5.7% in the production of bagasse from 1288 ktonne in 2016 to 1215 ktonne in 2017. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 GWh mm Mean rainfall whole island (mm) Hydro power generated (GWh) 12 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.7 - Trend of electricity generation from bagasse, 2008 to 2017 Table 1.4 shows the ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse over the period 2008 to 2017. The ratio varies in the range of 0.374 MWh/tonne to 0.448 MWh/tonne. In 2017, the ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse was 0.429. Also 16.3 % of total electricity production in Mauritius was from bagasse, representing a decrease of 2.5 % compared to 2016. Table 1.4 - Ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse, 2008 - 2017 1.4.3 Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaics is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors. PV installations are generally used as source of electricity in remote areas where access to the electricity network is not possible or the cost of extension of the existing network is too high. Another use of PV is for solar powered street lighting. PV installations are also used as a source of electricity to reduce dependency on electricity generated by fossil fuel-fired power plants. The electricity generation from PV installations in Mauritius was 33.0 GWh in 2017 compared to 30.3 GWh in 2016. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ratio electricity produced to bagasse input (MWh/tonne) 0.374 0.427 0.416 0.435 0.437 0.448 0.443 0.411 0.440 0.429 1300.9 1135.6 1140.4 1119.0 1077.8 1056.1 1030.6 1240.3 1129.5 1078.8 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ktonne GWh Electricity (GWh) Bagasse input (ktonne) 13 " P a g e Table 1.5 provides information about PV installations under the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme up to the year 2017 for the Island of Mauritius. Table 1.5 – SSDG summary, Island of Mauritius Scheme No. of approved applications (up to year 2017) Total capacity of approved applications (kW) (up to year 2017) Total capacity of PV systems connected to the CEB grid (kW) (up to year 2017) Total kWh produced during year 2017 Total kWh exported to the CEB grid during year 2017 SSDG FIT Scheme 317 2,815 2,199 2,891,100 1,760,058 SSDG PECR Scheme 144 1,734 1,117 1,403,560 838,944 SSDG Net metering Scheme-Phase 1 1,477 4,576 2,353 2,252,056 1,444,705 SSDG Net metering Scheme-Phase 2 50 186 10 1279 1000 Total 1,988 9,311 5,679 6,547,995 4,044,707 Data source: CEB Table 1.6 provides information about PV installations under the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme up to the year 2017 for the Island of Rodrigues. Table 1.6 - SSDG summary, Island of Rodrigues Scheme No. of approved applications (cumulated) Total Capacity of approved applications (kW) (cumulated) Total Capacity of PV systems connected to the CEB grid (kW) (cumulated) Total kWh Produced during the year 2017 Total kWh Exported to the CEB grid during the year 2017 SSDG FIT scheme 25 157 172 231,525 190,879 SSDG PECR scheme 6 33 43 53,726 23,368 SSDG Net metering Scheme 30 97 24 10,365 7,998 Total 61 287 239 295,616 222,245 Data source: CEB 1.4.4 Electricity from Wind energy Wind energy comes from the movement of air across the atmosphere of the Earth. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to generate electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or sails to propel ships. 14 " P a g e In 2017, 2.7 GWh of electricity was produced from wind energy in Rodrigues Island. In Mauritius, a wind farm with a total installed capacity of 9.35 MW, has been set up by Eole Plaines des Roches Ltd and has generated 11.88 GWh of electricity in 2017. A Power Purchase Agreement for a 29.4 MW wind farm to be set up by Consortium Suzlon-Padgreen Co Ltd at Curepipe Point (Plaine Sophie) was signed in August 2012. The wind farm project is currently being implemented and is expected to come into operation in 2019. 1.4.5 Electricity from Landfill gas Landfill gas is a gas, constituted mostly of methane, produced by the fermentation of organic waste in landfills in the absence of oxygen. 16.9 GWh of electricity was produced from landfill gas in Mauritius in 2017. 1.4.6 Electricity from biogas Data on biogas from sludge digester used to partially meet the electricity requirements of the St Martin wastewater treatment plant is provided in Table 1.7. The electricity generated in 2017 was only 27,461 kWh given that the biogas plant was under breakdown for most of the time in 2017. Table 1.7 - Electricity produced from biogas at St Martin Treatment plant 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Electricity generated (kWh) 1,093,335 1,140,138 1,185,523 1,145,557 965,616 950,773 644,031 783,883 27,461 Data source: Wastewater Management Authority 1.4.7 Solar Thermal – Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in Mauritius Grants have been provided to subsidize the purchase of 73,480 solar water heaters up to 2016, under the four phases of the Solar Water Heater Grant Scheme (SWHGS)1 . No updated figures are available currently for the year 2017. Assuming that these solar water heaters have displaced electric water heaters and gas water heaters in the ratio of 1 : 5, the avoided electric energy is estimated at 6.34 GWh and the avoided LPG mass is estimated at 2, 987 tonnes. The avoided CO2 emissions, using the grid emission factor of 954.8 gCO2/kWh for year 2017, and assuming 1.51 kg of CO2 per litre of LPG, would be 14 669 tCO2. It is to be noted that large scale solar water heaters are used in other sectors of the economy such as the tourism sector and manufacturing sector to preheat water for swimming pools and boilers respectively. 1.5 Petroleum products The State Trading Corporation (STC) is responsible for the importation of all the country's requirements of petroleum products. These include the demands for the running of public transport, industrial and commercial activities, private motor vehicles, the needs of the Central Electricity Board in fuel oils for its 1 Source: Performance Audit Report 2017 of the National Audit Office 15 " P a g e power plants, the needs for aircraft refuelling at the SSR International Airport and the needs of bunker fuels for international shipping. Upon arrival at the Port Louis Harbour, the petroleum products are pumped out of the tankers and delivered through pipelines into fuel tanks, owned by local oil companies, in the port Area. The capacity of the fuel tanks are as follows: (i) Gasolene– 12,900 tonnes; (ii) Diesel – 18,900 tonnes; and (iii) LPG – 5,400 tonnes. Joint Utility Hydrant Installation (JUHI), a consortium of four local oil companies, owns and operates a Jet Fuel tank of capacity 22,500 tonnes near SSR Airport. The oil companies market, distribute and retail the products through their respective networks of fuel pump stations across the country. Some also operate barges to carry out their bunker supply operations at sea. Table 1.8 shows the imports of petroleum products over the period 2008 to 2017. It may be noted that annual demand in petroleum products to meet domestic demand and bunkering increased by 12.2% from 1,452 thousand tonnes in 2016 to 1,629 thousand tonnes in 2017. Table 1.8 - Import of petroleum products, 2008 – 2017 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Gasolene 108.5 104.4 120.6 116.7 128.2 138.2 137.9 154.7 168.8 172.2 Diesel oil 328.5 288.0 310.4 309.9 313.8 336.1 303.6 318.7 339.1 346.7 Aviation fuel 262.2 204.7 234.9 226.4 213.0 241.1 232.0 268.8 285.0 309.7 kerosene 5.9 4.1 6.7 4.3 7.0 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.0 Fuel oil 291.0 343.7 341.5 434.8 401.2 429.1 406.4 445.1 489.7 648.7 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 63.1 62.6 62.7 66.3 67.9 68.2 75.6 72.5 167.0 149.4 TOTAL (thousand tonnes) 1059.2 1007.6 1076.7 1158.4 1131.1 1215.5 1157.7 1262.3 1451.7 1628.7 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Kerosene is used at the Nicolay power station for electricity generation. It was also used in the household sector for cooking purposes. Following a price increase in 2006, consumption of kerosene in the household sector has seen a sharp decrease over the years. In 2005, 18.1 ktonnes of kerosene was imported while in 2017, this stood at 2.0 ktonnes only. 16 " P a g e 1.6 Primary energy re-export Primary energy re-export in 2017 is shown in Table 1.9. Table 1.9 - Primary energy re-export Energy Source ktonne ktoe Diesel oil 128.7 130.0 Aviation fuel (foreign aircraft) 153.8 159.9 Fuel oil 340.7 327.1 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 1.7 Stock variation The variations in stock in 2017 are provided in the Table 1.10. Table 1.10 - Variation in stock year 2017 Import Export Primary energy requirement Stock variations (import - export - primary energy requirement) ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe Coal 1430.6 886.9 760.2 471.3 670.4 415.6 Gasolene 172.2 186 173.8 187.7 -1.6 -1.7 Diesel oil 346.7 350.1 128.7 129.5 212.3 214.4 5.7 6.3 Aviation Fuel 309.7 322.1 153.8 159.9 154.1 160.2 1.8 1.9 Kerosene 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 Fuel oil 648.7 622.7 340.7 327.1 280.5 269.3 27.5 26.3 LPG 149.4 161.4 75.3 81.3 74.1 80.1 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 1.8 Dependency on Imported Energy Carriers In 2017, the dependency rate on imported energy carriers was 86.6%. The trend of the dependency rate from 2008 to 2017 is shown in Table 1.11. Table 1.11 - Energy Dependency Rate, 2008 – 2017 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 81.2% 82.5% 83.1% 83.8% 84.4% 84.9% 85.8% 83.6% 85.4% 86.6% Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 17 " P a g e 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION CAPACITY The capacity of power plants connected to the grid in 2017 is shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 - Capacity of power plants in 2017 Type of power plant Installed plant capacity (MW) Total Installed plant capacity (MW) Effective plant capacity (MW) Total effective plant capacity (MW) BAGASSE (cane harvest season) Medine 22.50 22.50 16.40 16.40 COAL- BAGASSE Alteo Energy Ltd (formerly Consolidated Energy Ltd) 36.70 258.80 33.00 224.80 Terragen Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique de Belle Vue) 71.20 62.00 Consolidated energy limited 28.40 25.80 Omnicane Thermal Energy Operations (St Aubin) Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique du Sud) 32.50 30.00 Omnicane Thermal Energy Operations (La Baraque) Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique de Savannah) 90.00 74.00 HYDRO Champagne 30.00 60.44 28.00 56.30 Ferney 10.00 10.00 Tamarind Falls 11.40 9.50 Le Val 4.00 4.00 Reduit 1.20 1.00 Cascade Cecile 1.00 1.00 Magenta 0.94 0.90 Midlands Dam 0.35 0.35 La Nicoliere 0.35 0.35 La Ferme 1.20 1.20 LANDFILL GAS Sotravic Ltd (Mare Chicose) 3.45 3.45 3.00 3.00 KEROSENE Nicolay 78.40 78.40 75.00 75.00 DIESEL & FUEL OIL St Louis 110.00 359.60 110.00 351.00 Fort Victoria 109.60 107.00 Fort George 140.00 134.00 PHOTOVOLTAIC Island of Mauritius2 28.60 28.61 27.62 27.63 Fort George 0.005 0.005 Fort Victoria 0.005 0.005 PHOTOVOLTAIC Island of Rodrigues3 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 WIND Island of Mauritius (IPP) 9.35 9.35 9.35 9.35 WIND Island of Rodrigues 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 DIESEL & FUEL OIL Island of Rodrigues 12.40 12.40 11.60 11.60 Total capacity (Island of Mauritius) (MW) 820.95 820.95 763.48 763.48 Total capacity (Island of Rodrigues) (MW) 13.92 13.92 13.12 13.12 Total (MW) 834.87 834.87 776.60 776.60 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 2 Includes SSDG, MSDG and Sarako 3 Includes SSDG and MSDG 18 " P a g e The trend of effective power plant capacity from 2008 to 2017 (Island of Mauritius) is shown in Figure 2.1. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 2.1 - Trend of effective power plant capacity, 2008 – 2017 14.0 27.6 37.6 23.6 13.0 12.5 12.5 16.4 16.4 16.4 227.0 243.0 240.5 240.5 224.5 224.5 224.5 224.8 224.8 224.8 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 247.6 247.6 247.6 263.6 312.9 313.6 307.6 307.6 307.6 351.0 53.1 53.1 53.5 53.5 53.8 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.4 18.1 18.5 26.1 27.6 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 9.4 9.4 9.8 11.7 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.6 11.6 1.3 1.28 1.28 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 550.0 600.0 650.0 700.0 750.0 800.0 850.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Effective Capacity / MW Bagasse (during cane harvest) Coal-Bagasse Kerosene Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius) Hydro Landfill gas Photovoltaic Photovoltaic (Island of Rodrigues) Wind Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues) Wind (Island of Rodrigues) 19 " P a g e 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Figure 3.1 shows the share of electricity production by fuel type in 2017. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.1 - Share of electricity production by fuel type, 2017 Overall conversion efficiencies of the power plants in 2017 are given in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 - Conversion efficiency of power plants 2017 Fuel input Electricity production Overall conversion efficiency ktoe GWh ktoe % Coal 450.5 1312.0 112.8 25.0 Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius) 222.5 1142.3 98.2 44.1 Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues 8.6 39.0 3.4 39.2 Kerosene 1.0 2.7 0.2 23.7 Bagasse 172.6 463.2 39.8 23.1 TOTAL 855.2 2959.2 254.5 29.8 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Coal, 112.8 ktoe, 42.1% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius), 98.2 ktoe, 36.7% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues), 3.4 ktoe, 1.3% kerosene, 0.2 ktoe, 0.1% Bagasse , 39.8 ktoe, 14.9% Wind, 1.3 ktoe, 0.5% Hydro, 7.7 ktoe, 2.9% Photovoltaic, 2.8 ktoe, 1.1% Landfill gas, 1.5 ktoe, 0.5% Share of electricity production by fuel type 2017 20 " P a g e Figure 3.2 shows the trend of electricity production per source of energy over the period 2008 to 2017. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.2 - Trend of electricity production, 2008 - 2017 Total electricity production increased by 2.3 % in 2017 as compared to 2016. In 2017, 80.2% of electricity production was derived from fossil fuel sources while 19.8% of electricity production was from renewable energy sources. In 2016, the share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources was 21.8%. The decrease is due to a decrease in electricity production from bagasse, from 497.0 GWh in 2016 to 463.2 GWh in 2017, and from hydro power stations, from 99.5 GWh in 2016 to 89.8 GWh in 2017. Moreover, electricity generated from wind energy has also decreased from 18.0 GWh in 2016 to 14.6 GWh in 2017. 1,128.7 1,015.3 1,115.9 1,119.4 1,162.3 1,213.6 1,259.5 1,181.7 1,266.8 1,312.0 827.2 938.0 976.6 1,058.7 1,057.0 1,076.1 1,079.3 1,131.2 1,109.9 1,181.3 6.6 15.3 18.9 11.6 11.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.7 486.4 485.0 474.1 486.5 470.5 472.8 456.2 509.8 497.0 463.2 0.4 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.8 18.0 14.6 108.0 122.4 100.7 56.5 74.1 94.8 90.8 121.9 99.5 89.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.7 24.6 25.9 30.3 33.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 17.8 20.0 21.3 20.4 18.7 16.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION (GWH) YEAR Coal Diesel & Fuel oil kerosene Bagasse Wind Hydro Photovoltaic Landfill gas 21 " P a g e Figure 3.3 shows the monthly peak electricity demand for the years 2008 - 2017 (Island of Mauritius). Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.3 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Mauritius), 2008 – 2017 In 2017, peak power demand varied between 394.3 MW and 461.5 MW. The peak for the year 2017, i.e 461.5 MW, occurred in December. The peak power demand is observed to follow prevailing meteorological conditions, mainly temperature with peaks noted in the summer season, which implies additional power demand for air conditioning, use of fans and refrigeration across the island. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2008 377.9 373.5 378.1 369.2 365.9 347.3 342.3 347.7 340.1 352.9 363.9 377.3 2009 386.2 388.6 375.6 373.0 371.7 357.9 333.6 336.9 339.4 357.0 368.1 386.9 2010 384.4 395.9 404.1 387.1 375.1 359.1 352.7 348.3 351.7 370.9 377.7 398.2 2011 394.6 404.0 402.3 395.2 384.7 369.9 364.3 349.8 365.4 385.4 394.1 412.5 2012 410.4 429.1 412.4 397.6 388.8 368.4 366.3 366.6 371.7 386.3 406.9 430.1 2013 433.0 438.2 420.6 409.4 399.1 373.8 373.2 369.6 383.1 396.3 418.7 441.1 2014 446.2 445.1 445.3 421.3 413.7 386.6 375.3 393.7 384.6 418.1 427.0 442.5 2015 442.0 438.2 459.9 430.9 423.5 392.9 381.6 393.5 383.5 406.5 420.0 455.1 2016 467.9 460.0 461.0 437.6 430.8 389.9 386.8 385.3 384.9 408.8 429.0 445.7 2017 444.8 459.5 459.1 455.9 424.6 403.5 394.3 401.9 398.5 420.9 428.6 461.5 320.0 340.0 360.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 MW Peak electricity demand 22 " P a g e Figure 3.4 shows the monthly peak electricity demand for the years 2008 to 2017 (Island of Rodrigues). Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.4 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues), 2008 - 2017 In 2017, peak power demand in Island of Rodrigues varied between 6.491 MW and 7.562 MW. Peak demand of 7.562 MW occurred in December. Peak demand has consistently increased as shown by the demand trend over the period 2008 - 2017 (Island of Mauritius) in Figure 3.5. However it is observed that the peak demand of 461.5 MW recorded in 2017 is less than the peak demand of 467.9 MW recorded in 2016. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2008 5.370 5.290 5.530 5.490 5.420 5.280 5.370 5.290 5.200 5.290 4.950 5.970 2009 5.480 5.220 5.140 5.430 5.560 5.350 5.160 5.220 5.220 5.180 5.300 5.550 2010 5.430 5.560 5.310 5.420 5.740 5.300 5.340 5.276 5.548 5.376 5.292 6.100 2011 5.554 5.716 5.640 5.630 5.680 5.733 5.446 5.488 5.503 5.730 5.579 6.390 2012 5.561 5.568 5.663 5.825 6.077 5.656 5.517 5.736 5.505 5.781 5.936 6.552 2013 5.943 6.052 6.110 6.016 6.078 5.810 5.785 5.780 5.706 5.950 6.020 6.850 2014 6.300 6.090 6.280 6.314 6.450 6.062 5.953 6.070 6.212 6.450 6.512 7.204 2015 6.540 6.719 6.870 6.716 6.507 6.477 6.376 6.210 6.433 6.429 6.600 7.241 2016 6.980 7.070 7.080 7.080 6.868 6.320 6.374 6.366 6.366 6.639 6.760 7.570 2017 7.081 7.148 7.028 7.120 6.832 6.802 6.810 6.595 6.491 6.832 6.920 7.562 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 MW Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues) 23 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.5 - Electricity demand (MW) trend, 2008 to 2017 (Island of Mauritius) Based on the seasonality in Mauritius, two typical demand profiles namely winter demand profile and summer demand profile are identified. In summer, demand is higher than in winter. This is mainly due to air conditioning loads. However, during the day, the increase in demand is due to the Commercial and Industrial Sectors while the residential sector contributes mainly in the evening. Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7 show the hourly seasonal peak demand profile (Island of Mauritius) for the years 2008 and 2017 respectively. 320.0 340.0 360.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 Jan-08 Mar-08 May-08 Jul-08 Sep-08 Nov-08 Jan-09 Mar-09 May-09 Jul-09 Sep-09 Nov-09 Jan-10 Mar-10 May-10 Jul-10 Sep-10 Nov-10 Jan-11 Mar-11 May-11 Jul-11 Sep-11 Nov-11 Jan-12 Mar-12 May-12 Jul-12 Sep-12 Nov-12 Jan-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Sep-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 MW Electricity demand (MW) Electricity demand (MW) Trend (linear) 24 " P a g e Data Source: CEB Figure 3.6 – Seasonal peak demand profile, 2008 Data Source: CEB Figure 3.7 – Seasonal peak demand profile, 2017 Table 3.2 provides a summary of the electricity production over the period 2008 to 2017 (Island of Mauritius). 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 Year 2008 SUMMER WINTER 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Peak MW TIME Year 2017 SUMMER WINTER 25 " P a g e Table 3.2 - Summary of electricity production, 2008 – 2017 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Fossil (GWh) 1,962.4 1,968.5 2,111.4 2,189.6 2,230.3 2,291.3 2,340.7 2,314.9 2,378.8 2,496.0 Renewables (GWh) 594.8 608.9 577.3 548.9 566.8 594.0 596.2 680.6 663.5 617.5 Increase (GWh) 92.5 20.2 111.3 49.9 58.6 88.1 51.6 58.7 46.5 71.2 Percentage increase overall 3.8 % 0.8 % 4.3 % 1.9 % 2.1 % 3.2 % 1.8 % 2.0 % 1.6 % 2.3% Percentage of renewables 23.3% 23.6% 21.5% 20.0% 20.3% 20.6% 20.3% 22.7% 21.8% 19.8% Peak demand (MW) (Island of Mauritius) 378.1 388.6 404.1 412.5 430.1 441.1 446.2 459.9 467.9 461.5 Peak demand evolution 2.9 % 2.8 % 4.0 % 2.1 % 4.3 % 2.5 % 1.2 % 3.1 % 1.7 % -1.4% Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 4 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 4.1 General Final energy consumption describes consumption of end users, excluding energy used for electricity generation and losses in the energy transfer matrix. Figure 4.1 shows the final energy consumption on a sector basis, for the period 2008 to 2017. The total final energy consumption in 2017 amounted to 978.7 ktoe, representing an increase of 3.0 % compared to 2016. As can be seen in Figure 4.1, an increase in final energy consumption has been observed in the transport, household and commercial sectors, with the highest increase (+ 24.8 ktoe) being for the transport sector. However, a decrease in final energy consumption is observed for the manufacturing, agriculture and 'others4 ' sectors. 4 'Others' sector includes mining and quarrying (stone extraction and crushing), 26 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.1 : Final energy consumption by sector, 2008– 2017 4.2 Final Energy consumption - Transport sector 4.2.1 Vehicle fleet The fleet of powered vehicles for Mauritius comprised 531,797 vehicles in 2017, with the share of fuel type as given in Figure 4.2. Data Source: National Transport Authority Figure 4.2 - Vehicle fleet by type of fuel in 2017 410.6 394.9 421.6 435.3 427.3 438.8 454.1 463.1 505.6 530.4 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ktoe YEAR Transport Manufacturing Household Commercial Agriculture Others Gasolene , 437244, 83% Diesel, 85804, 16% Hybrid, 6406, 1% Electric, 51, 0.01% LPG, 379, 0.07% Other, 430, 0% Gasolene Diesel Hybrid Electric LPG 27 " P a g e In 2017 the number of hybrid powered vehicles increased by 70% as compared to 2016, i.e. from 3765 to 6406, and the number of electric vehicles increase by 76% as compared to 2016, i.e. from 29 to 51. It may be noted from Table 4.1 that there has been an increase in new and second hand imported vehicles registrations in 2017 of +7 % compared to 2016, whereas the increase from 2015 to 2016 was +70%. Table 4.1 - New and second hand imported car, 2008-2017 Engine capacity 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 % growth in 2017 over 2016 Up to 1,000 c.c 726 804 948 856 1634 1982 1519 3205 8988 9769 9% 1,001 - 1,250 c.c 1580 1211 1060 1158 1582 2056 3166 4128 3199 2600 -19% 1,251 - 1,400 c.c 1801 1691 2205 2015 2691 3321 3212 1986 3888 3472 -11% 1,401 - 1,500 c.c 2042 1835 2384 1771 1824 2528 2425 2543 3138 4147 32% 1,501 - 2,000 c.c 2858 2927 2105 2867 3557 3240 3039 2743 3556 4270 20% 2,001 - 2,250 c.c 338 32 9 20 30 51 56 61 160 177 11% 2,251 - 2,500 c.c 169 155 196 166 58 432 512 335 1224 1579 29% 2,501 - 3,000 c.c 162 139 154 185 142 102 94 122 676 733 8% Above 3,000 c.c 115 72 87 71 77 48 44 34 937 946 1% Total 9791 8866 9148 9109 11595 13760 14067 15157 25766 27693 7% Data Source: National Transport Authority 4.2.2 Fuel Consumption Table 4.2 gives the fuel consumption in the sub-sectors of the transport sector in 2017, while Figure 4.3 shows the share of fuel use in each sub-sector in 2008 and 2017 and Figure 4.4 depicts the trend in consumption over the period 2008 – 2017. Table 4.2 - Fuel consumption in the Transport sector, 2017 Transport sector Gasolene (ktoe) Diesel (ktoe) Aviation fuel (local aircraft) (ktoe) LPG (ktoe) Fuel Oil (ktoe) Total (ktoe) Land 183.3 173.7 3.7 360.8 Aviation 160.2 160.2 Sea5 4.3 1.3 3.9 9.5 Total 187.6 175.0 160.2 3.7 3.9 530.5 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 5 Sea Transport comprises interisland traffic for both cargo and passengers, pleasure crafts in the tourism sector and Mauritian fishing vessels. 28 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.3 - Fuel consumption share in sub-sectors of the Transport sector in 2008 and in 2017 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.4 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in sub-sectors of Transport sector 2008 – 2017 Land, 360.8 ktoe, 68% Aviation , 160.2 ktoe, 30% Sea, 9.5 ktoe, 2% YEAR 2017 Land, 265.7 ktoe, 65% Aviation , 136.9 ktoe, 33% Sea, 8.0 ktoe, 2% YEAR 2008 265.7 276.7 290.6 293.1 304.2 310.1 319.1 330.8 348.8 360.7 136.9 110.5 123.3 134.3 115.0 120.7 126.8 124.3 147.6 160.2 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 9.3 9.5 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ktoe Land Aviation Sea 29 " P a g e The trend of fuel consumption in the land transport sector over the period 2008 to 2017 is shown in Figure 4.5. It may be noted that fuel consumption in land transport reached 360.8 ktoe in 2017; representing an increase of 3.4 % over 2016. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.5 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in land Transport, 2008 - 2017 Compared to 2016, it may be observed that in 2017: diesel consumption increased by 2.1%. gasolene consumption increased by 4.9 %. LPG (autogas) consumption has decreased by 1.5 % 4.3 Final energy consumption - Manufacturing sector Total energy consumption in the manufacturing sector amounted to 205.9 ktoe in 2017, which was 0.5 % less than in 2016. Figure 4.6 shows the share of different energy sources used in the manufacturing sector in 2017, while Figure 4.7 provides the trend for the period 2008 to 2017. 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 106.8 117.6 124.5 126.8 133.2 139.2 148.2 159.4 174.8 183.3 153.4 154.2 161.1 161.5 166.3 166.5 166.8 168.0 170.2 173.7 5.6 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.4 3.8 3.6 kTOE Gasolene Diesel oil LPG (autogas) 30 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.6 - Share of energy sources in the Manufacturing Sector, 2017 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.7 - Trend of energy consumption in the Manufacturing Sector, 2008 – 2017 Coal, 20.8 ktoe, 10.1% Diesel oil, 35.9 ktoe, 17.4% Fuel oil , 35.7 ktoe, 17.3% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 5.9 ktoe, 2.9% Fuelwood, 0.5 ktoe, 0.2% Bagasse, 21.7 ktoe, 10.6% Electricity, 85.4 ktoe, 41.5% 25.8 13.4 15.4 15.0 15.9 17.1 19.4 22.6 20.6 20.8 46.8 46.3 47.0 43.5 41.7 35.8 36.5 37.0 35.7 35.9 48.3 41.4 39.8 38.8 37.4 37.6 38.9 35.7 35.3 35.7 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.48 38.3 36.3 42.6 39.1 34.1 32.7 28.5 31.6 25.4 21.7 78.5 77.1 80.3 79.9 79.9 82.8 81.2 82.7 83.4 85.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.9 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 KTOE Coal Diesel oil Fuel oil Fuelwood Bagasse Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 31 " P a g e 4.4 Final energy consumption - Household sector Total energy consumption in the household sector amounted to 134.3 ktoe in 2017 representing a 1.6% growth over 2016. The share of energy sources in the Household sector in 2017 is given in Figure 4.8. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.8 - Share of energy sources, Household sector, 2017 As can be seen from Figure 4.8, the main sources of energy for the household sector are LPG and electricity. LPG is used mostly for cooking and water heating. Fuel wood is still in use as cooking fuel albeit insignificant. Use of kerosene as fuel has nearly ceased since an increase in its retail price in 2006. In 2017 the consumption of electricity and LPG have both increased compared to 2016 by 2.1 % and 1.1 % respectively. The trend of the use of each fuel over the period 2008 to 2017 is shown in Figure 4.9. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.9 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Household sector, 2008 - 2017 56.1 58.5 61.1 62.4 64.8 67.2 69.4 71.5 73.5 75.1 45.8 46.7 47.6 48.2 49.0 50.1 51.4 53.0 53.4 54.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.1 1.9 1.5 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.70 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 KTOE Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel wood kerosene Charcoal kerosene, 0.1 ktoe, 0.1% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 54.0 ktoe, 40.0% Fuel wood, 5.1 ktoe, 3.8% Charcoal, 0.7 ktoe, 0.5% Electricity, 75.0 ktoe, 55.6% kerosene Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel wood Charcoal Electricity 32 " P a g e 4.5 Final energy consumption - Commercial sector Total energy consumption in the Commercial sector amounted to 99.6 ktoe in 2017 and the share of energy sources in 2017 is shown in Figure 4.10, while Figure 4.11 gives the trend of fuel consumption over the period 2008 to 2017. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.10 - Share of energy sources in the Commercial sector, 2017 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.11 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Commercial sector, 2008 - 2017 In 2017, electricity consumption in the commercial sector increased by 2.5% compared to 2016, indicating continued expansion in the sector. The main areas of electricity use in this sector are refrigeration, air conditioning and decorative and security lighting. 0.0 ktoe 10.0 ktoe 20.0 ktoe 30.0 ktoe 40.0 ktoe 50.0 ktoe 60.0 ktoe 70.0 ktoe 80.0 ktoe 90.0 ktoe 100.0 ktoe 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 57.9 60.6 64.3 68.2 70.4 73.4 77.0 78.9 79.9 81.9 10.9 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.9 14.3 15.2 16.3 17.4 17.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 ktoe Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Charcoal Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 17.5 ktoe, 17.5% Charcoal, 0.3 ktoe, 0.3% Electricity, 81.8 ktoe, 82.1% 33 " P a g e 4.6 Final energy consumption - Agricultural sector Total energy consumption in the agricultural sector amounted to 4.2 ktoe in 2017 and the share of energy sources in 2017 is shown in Figure 4.12, while Figure 4.13 gives the trend of fuel consumption over the period 2008 to 2017. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.12 - Share of energy sources in Agricultural sector, 2017 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.13 - Share of fuel consumption in the Agricultural sector, 2008 – 2017 It may be noted from Figure 4.13 that the fuel consumption in the Agricultural sector is rather stable, in the range of 4.1 to 4.6 ktoe over the period 2008 to 2017. Diesel oil, 2.2 ktoe, 52.3% Electricity, 2.0 ktoe, 47.7% Diesel oil Electricity 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ktoe Diesel oil Electricity 34 " P a g e 4.7 Electricity consumption As shown in Table 4.3 electricity consumption for 2017 amounted to 2618.1 GWh compared to 2,558.6 GWh in 2016, that is an increase of 2.3% compared to 2016. Figure 4.14 gives details on the number of different category consumers, the electricity consumption in each category and the share of consumption of each of these for the year 2017. Table 4.3 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2017 Type of tariff Number of consumers Consumption GWh Consumption % 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 Domestic 413068 420876 854.5 872.7 33.4 33.3 Commercial 41879 42761 927.8 952.0 36.3 36.4 Industrial (including irrigation) 6352 6353 735.8 755.3 28.8 28.8 Other6 654 676 40.5 38.2 1.6 1.5 Total 461953 470666 2558.6 2618.1 100.0 100.0 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.14 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2017 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 6 'Other' means sugar factories, street lighting & traffic lights, pumping for irrigation and temporary supply 420,876 872.7 33.3 % 42,761 952.0 36.4 % 6,353 755.3 28.8 % 676 38.2 1.5 % Number of consumers Consumption GWh Consumption % Domestic Commercial Industrial (including irrigation) Other 35 " P a g e An analysis of domestic electricity consumption is given in Table 4.4, which shows an increase from 1.86 MWh/consumer/year in 2008 to 2.07 MWh/consumer/year in 2017. Table 4.4 - Analysis of domestic electricity consumption, 2008 – 2017 Domestic consumers 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Consumption (GWh) 652.2 680.1 710.7 725.3 753.0 780.8 806.3 831.0 854.5 872.7 Number of consumers 350627 358359 364474 372315 381096 388910 396335 404463 413068 420876 Annual electricity consumption per consumer (MWh/consu mer/year) 1.86 1.90 1.95 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06 2.07 2.07 Consumption growth rate % -0.7% 2.0% 2.7% -0.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.3% 1.0% 0.7% 0.2% Average inhabitant/ consumer 3.55 3.48 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.06 3.01 Average daily consumption per inhabitant (kWh/inhabit ant/day) 1.44 1.49 1.56 1.59 1.64 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.89 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 4.8 Fossil Fuel consumption Table 4.5 provides a breakdown of fossil fuel consumption by sector in 2017 while Figure 4.15 shows the share of fossil fuel consumption by sector for the same year. Table 4.5 - Fossil fuel consumption (toe) by sector, 2017 Sector Coal Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Total (ktoe) Electricity production 450.5 - 1.3 - 1.0 229.8 682.6 Manufacturing 20.8 - 35.9 - - 35.7 5.9 98.2 Commercial - - - - - - 17.5 17.5 Household - - - - 0.1 - 54.0 54.1 Transport (incl. sea) - 187.7 175.0 160.2 - 3.9 3.6 530.4 Agriculture - - 2.2 - - - 2.2 Others - - - - - - 0.3 0.3 Total 471.3 187.7 214.4 160.2 1.0 269.3.2 81.3 1385.3 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 36 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.15 - Share of fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2017 5 CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO FOSSIL FUELS 5.1 Introduction The greenhouse gas effect is a natural phenomenon that captures part of the energy emitted by the Sun to the Earth. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) have a role comparable to that of glass in a greenhouse shed. The heat from the atmosphere depends on solar radiation (constant) and the amount of radiation trapped by greenhouse gases. 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions A greenhouse gas is a gas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Emissions from human activities mainly concern the following six gases, covered by the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Human activity since the industrial era has, due to the consumption of fossil energy, led to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions through various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions produced by human activities come mainly from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, heavy fuel oil and its derivatives (gasolene, diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) etc.), and natural gas. Electricity production , 682.6 ktoe, 49.3% Manufacturing, 98.2 ktoe, 7.1% Commercial, 17.5 ktoe, 1.3% Household, 54.1 ktoe, 3.9% Transport (incl. sea), 530.4 ktoe, 38.3% Agriculture, 2.2 ktoe, 0.2% Fossil fuel consumption by sector for 2017 Electricity production Manufacturing Commercial Household Transport (incl. sea) Agriculture Others 37 " P a g e 5.3 Inventory of CO2 from energy sources for the Republic of Mauritius in 2017 This report focuses only on CO2 emissions (excluding other greenhouse gases) during combustion of fossil fuels. The scope of emissions discussed concerns all CO2emissions due to fossil energy conversion in all sectors (electricity generation, transport, residential and manufacturing). Figure 5.1 gives the share of carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion in each sector in 2017. It may be noted that, in 2017, total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion activities amounted to 4,190.80 thousand tonnes and CO2 removals7 amounted to 364.72 thousand tonnes. Net CO2 emissions for 2017 stood at 3,861.45 thousand tonnes. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius (Provisional data) Figure 5.1 - Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 2017 5.4 Trend of CO2 emissions Table 5.1 and Figure 5.2 show the trend in tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita and per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2006 prices). It may be observed that the amount of CO2 emitted with respect to GDP has generally been decreasing from 2008 to 2017. Table 5.1 - CO2 emissions, 2008 -2017 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Net CO2 emissions (ktonnes) 3209.0 3177.9 3414.9 3376.7 3490.0 3573.6 3696.3 3685.4 3723.7 3861.5 tCO2 emissions per capita 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 tCO2 per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2006 prices) 1.29 1.24 1.28 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.12 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 7 CO2 removal excludes the amount of CO2 sequestrated by trees and vegetations found along rivers and canal reserves and trees along road Energy industries (electricity), 2405.44 ktonne, 59.0% Manufacturing industries, 342.37 ktonne, 8.4% Transport, 1044.40 ktonne, 25.6% Other Sectors, 248.53 ktonne, 6.1% Industrial Processes, 33.75 ktonne, 0.8% Energy industries (electricity), 2532.37 ktonne, 59.9% Manufacturing industries, 344.76 ktonne, 8.2% Transport, 1065.88 ktonne, 25.2% Other Sectors, 247.79 ktonne, 5.9% Industrial Processes, 35.37 ktonne, 0.8% 38 " P a g e Figure 5.2 - Trend of CO2 emissions, 2008 – 2017 5.5 CO2 emissions for electricity generation In 2017, the total CO2 emissions from electricity generation amounted to 2532.37 thousand tonnes representing an increase of 4.6% compared to 2016. The Grid Emission Factor for year 2017 was 954.8 gCO2/kWh.8 5.6 CO2 emission in the transport sector (inclusive of aviation) In 2017 emissions reached 1,065.88 thousand tonnes of CO2 representing an increase of 2.1% compared to 2016. 8 Data source: Central Electricity Board 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CO2 EMISSIONS tCO2 emissions per capita tCO2 per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2006 prices) 39 " P a g e 6 KEY FIGURES Indicator Unit 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total primary energy requirement ktoe 1404.4 1346.9 1430.7 1426.9 1427.6 1454.8 1491.7 1534.4 1555.3 1599.3 Imported ktoe 1140.9 1110.6 1189.0 1195.7 1205.3 1235.4 1279.4 1283.2 1328.5 1385.3 Local ktoe 263.5 236.3 241.6 231.1 222.3 219.4 212.3 251.3 226.8 214.0 Annual increase (Primary Energy) % 1.6 -4.1 6.2 -0.3 0.1 1.9 2.5 2.9 1.4 2.8 Import Dependency % 81.2 82.5 83.1 83.8 84.4 84.9 85.8 83.6 85.4 86.6 GDP in 2006 rupees Rs M 248328 256560 267790 278709 288453 298146 309311 320301 332594 345248 Population 1244121 1247429 1250400 1252404 1255882 1258653 1260934 1262605 1263473 1264887 Energy intensity toe per Rs 100000 GDP at 2006 prices 0.57 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.46 Per capita primary energy requirement toe 1.13 1.08 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.22 1.23 1.26 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 40 " P a g e 7 SUMMARY TABLE 2016 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 206.076 1.608 6.416 8.557 2.606 1.544 226.8 Imported Resources 573.8 182.3 342.5 296.4 2.2 470.1 180.4 2047.8 Re-exports and bunkering -121.1 -147.3 -208.3 -89.3 -566.0 Stocks (+ destocking; - stocking) -118.5 -3.4 -10.9 -1.6 -1.4 -7.4 -10.1 -153.3 TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 455.339 178.931 210.460 147.592 0.832 254.448 80.903 0.000 206.076 1.608 6.416 0.000 8.557 2.606 0.000 1.544 0.000 0.000 1555.3 % Energy independence (LP/PE) 14.6 Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -434.8 108.9 -325.8 HFO and diesel input for electricity production -1.0 -215.2 95.4 -120.8 Bagasse input for electricity production -180.7 42.7 -138.0 Kerosene input for electricity production -0.8 0.2 -0.6 Biogas input for electricity production -1.6 1.6 0.0 Hydro input for electricity production -8.6 8.6 0.0 PV input for electricity production PV -2.6 2.6 0.0 Wind input for electricity production -1.5 1.5 0.0 Electricity production own use -3.8 -3.8 Solar Thermal heat production 0.0 Fuelwood to charcoal -0.8 0.4 -0.4 TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -434.8 0.0 -1.0 0.0 -0.8 -215.2 0.0 0.0 -180.7 -1.6 -0.8 0.4 -8.6 -2.6 0.0 -1.5 257.8 0.0 -589.4 Energy Distribution Final distribution (D=PE+SS) 20.6 178.9 209.4 147.6 0.1 39.2 80.9 0.0 25.3 0.0 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 257.8 0.0 965.9 Losses (L=(D+F)) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -14.8 0.0 -14.8 TOTAL final distribution (D+L) 20.6 178.9 209.4 147.6 0.1 39.2 80.9 0.0 25.3 0.0 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 243.0 0.0 951.1 951.1 Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -20.6 -35.7 -35.3 -6.0 -25.3 -0.5 -83.4 -206.8 Commercial -17.4 -0.3 -79.9 -97.6 Household -0.1 -53.4 -5.2 -0.1 -73.5 -132.2 Transport -178.9 -171.5 -147.6 -3.9 -3.8 0.0 -505.6 Agriculture -2.3 -2.2 -4.5 Others -0.3 -4.0 -4.3 TOTAL (F) -20.6 -178.9 -209.4 -147.6 -0.1 -39.2 -80.9 0.0 -25.3 0.0 -5.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -243.0 0.0 -951.1 Petroleum products Biomass Solar 41 " P a g e 8 SUMMARY TABLE 2017 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 194.3 1.5 6.4 7.7 6.6 1.3 217.7 Imported Resources 886.9 186.0 350.1 322.1 2.1 622.7 161.4 2531.4 Re-exports and bunkering -129.5 -159.9 -327.1 -616.5 Stocks (+ destocking; - stocking) -415.6 1.7 -6.3 -2.0 -1.1 -26.3 -80.1 -529.6 TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 471.3 187.7 214.4 160.2 1.0 269.3 81.3 0.0 194.3 1.5 6.4 0.0 7.7 6.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 1603.0 % Energy independence (LP/PE) 13.6 Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -450.5 112.8 -337.7 HFO and diesel input for electricity production -1.3 -229.8 101.6 -129.5 Bagasse input for electricity production -172.6 39.8 -132.8 Kerosene input for electricity production -1.0 0.2 -0.7 Biogas input for electricity production -1.5 1.5 0.0 Hydro input for electricity production -7.7 7.7 0.0 PV input for electricity production -6.6 6.6 0.0 Wind input for electricity production -1.3 1.3 0.0 Electricity production own use -3.8 -3.8 Solar Thermal heat production 0.0 Fuelwood to charcoal -0.8 0.4 -0.4 TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -450.5 0.0 -1.3 0.0 -1.0 -229.8 0.0 0.0 -172.6 -1.5 -0.8 0.4 -7.7 -6.6 0.0 -1.3 267.7 0.0 -604.9 Energy Distribution Final distribution (D=PE+SS) 20.8 187.7 213.1 160.2 0.1 39.5 81.3 0.0 21.7 0.0 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 267.7 0.0 998.1 Losses (L=(D+F)) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -16.1 0.0 -16.1 TOTAL final distribution (D+L) 20.8 187.7 213.1 160.2 0.1 39.5 81.3 0.0 21.7 0.0 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 251.6 0.0 982.0 982.0 Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -20.8 -35.9 -35.7 -5.9 -21.7 -0.5 -85.4 -205.8 Commercial -17.5 -0.3 -81.8 -99.6 Household -0.1 -54.0 -5.1 -0.1 -75.0 -134.3 Transport -187.7 -175.0 -160.2 -3.9 -3.6 0.0 -530.4 Agriculture -2.2 -2.0 -4.2 Others -0.3 -7.3 -7.6 TOTAL (F) -20.8 -187.7 -213.1 -160.2 -0.1 -39.5 -81.3 0.0 -21.7 0.0 -5.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -251.6 0.0 -982.0 Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar 42 " P a g e 9 GROWTH PERCENTAGE (%) IN 2017 COMPARED TO 2016 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) -5.7 % -9.5 % -1.0 % -9.7 % 151.8 % -18.7 % -4.0 % Imported Resources 54.6 % 2.0 % 2.2 % 8.7 % -4.6 % 32.5 % -10.5 % 23.6 % TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 3.5 % 4.9 % 1.9 % 8.6 % 25.2 % 5.8 % 0.5 % -5.7 % -9.5 % -1.0 % -9.7 % 151.8 % -18.7 % 3.1 % Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production 3.6 % 3.6 % HFO and diesel input for electricity production 24.3 % 6.8 % 7.2 % Bagasse input for electricity production -4.5 % -3.8 % Kerosene input for electricity production 28.9 % 29.1 % Biogas input for electricity production -9.5 % Hydro input for electricity production -9.7 % PV input for electricity production PV 151.8 % Wind input for electricity production -18.7 % Electricity production own use -1.3 % Solar Thermal heat production Fuelwood to charcoal -1.4 % -1.3 % -1.5 % TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) 3.6 % 24.3 % 28.9 % 6.8 % -4.5 % -9.5 % -1.4 % -1.3 % -9.7 % 151.8 % -18.7 % 3.8 % 2.6 % Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing 1.0 % 0.6 % 1.0 % -2.5 % -14.3 % -1.5 % 2.4 % -0.5 % Commercial 0.6 % -1.6 % 2.5 % 2.1 % Household -10.8 % 1.1 % -0.9 % 0.0 % 2.1 % 1.6 % Transport 4.9 % 2.1 % 8.6 % -0.2 % -4.7 % 4.9 % Agriculture -3.6 % -8.5 % -6.0 % Others 3.8 % 83.8 % 78.0 % TOTAL (F) 1.0 % 4.9 % 1.8 % 8.6 % -10.8 % 0.8 % 0.5 % -14.3 % -0.9 % -1.3 % 3.6 % 3.3 % Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar 43 " P a g e 10 ENERGY PATTERN 2017 Total Primary Energy Requirement Total final Energy Consumption 1603.0 ktoe 982.0 ktoe Renewables 226.8 ktoe RE 217.7 ktoe 13.6 % Wind 1.3 ktoe RE 44.3 ktoe RE 27.3 ktoe 730.4 ktoe -120.4 ktoe Manufacturing Hydro 7.7 ktoe -17.8 ktoe Commercial Photovoltaic 6.6 ktoe -59.3 ktoe Household Bagasse 194.3 ktoe RE 17.0 ktoe -530.4 ktoe Transport Fuelwood 6.4 ktoe -2.2 ktoe Agriculture Landfill gas 1.5 ktoe -0.3 ktoe Others RE 173.4 ktoe 0.4 ktoe Re-Exports, Bunkering + Stock change -1146.1 ktoe Fossil 702.7 ktoe 161.4 ktoe LPG 81.3 ktoe 267.7 ktoe 186.0 ktoe Gasolene 187.7 ktoe 250.7 ktoe 251.6 ktoe 322.1 ktoe Aviation Fuel 160.2 ktoe -85.4 ktoe Manufacturing 2.1 ktoe Kerosene 1.0 ktoe -81.8 ktoe Commercial 350.1 ktoe Diesel 214.4 ktoe 254.9 ktoe 254.5 ktoe -75.0 ktoe Household 622.7 ktoe HFO 269.3 ktoe Own use Distribution losses 0.0 ktoe Transport 886.9 ktoe Coal 471.3 ktoe Fossil 682.6 ktoe Total Primary fuel input for transformation -3.8 ktoe -16.1 ktoe -2.0 ktoe Agriculture 856.0 ktoe -7.3 ktoe Others Fossil fuel Imports Fossil 2531.4 ktoe 1385.3 ktoe Transformational losses Electricity consumption 86.4 % -601.1 ktoe 44 " P a g e 11 TABLE OF INDICATORS Item Indicators Unit 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Primary Energy Consumption Primary Energy Consumption ktoe 1454.8 1491.7 1534.4 1555.3 1599.3 Share of local resources: local primary consumption/total primary consumption % 15.1 14.2 16.4 14.6 13.4 Energy intensity Energy intensity per inhabitant: Primary energy Consumption/population toe/inhab 1.16 1.18 1.22 1.23 1.26 Energy intensity per 100,000 (2006 Rs): Primary Energy Consumption/GDP toe/Rs 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.46 Electricity Production Total fossil fuel input for electricity production ktoe 633.1 655.4 646.7 651.8 682.6 Total renewable input for electricity production ktoe 169.0 164.9 198.4 180.7 172.6 Total electricity production GWh 2885.3 2937.0 2995.8 3042.2 3113.5 Penetration of renewable resources % 20.6 20.3 22.7 21.8 19.8 Final electricity consumption per sector Total electricity sold GWh 2384.1 2452.2 2505.4 2558.6 2618.1 Domestic sector % 32.8 32.9 33.2 33.4 33.3 Commercial sector % 35.7 36.5 36.6 36.3 36.4 Industrial sector % 30.0 29.2 28.7 28.8 28.8 Others % 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 Annual electricity consumption per consumer (Domestic)9 GWh/ Consumer /year 2.01 2.03 2.05 2.07 2.07 Annual electricity consumption per consumer (Commercial) GWh/ Consumer /year 21.74 22.30 22.27 22.15 22.26 Annual electricity consumption per consumer (Industrial) GWh/ consumer /year 106.70 108.48 112.85 115.84 118.88 Final energy consumption in transport sector Total energy consumption (transport) ktoe 438.8 454.1 463.1 505.6 530.4 CO2 Emissions Total CO2 emissions ktCO2 3941.2 4063.2 4054.1 4087.1 4226.2 Net CO2 emissions ktCO2 3573.6 3696.3 3685.4 3723.7 3861.5 Energy sector % 59.70 60.00 59.13 59.25 59.92 Manufacturing sector % 8.54 8.68 8.83 8.38 8.16 Transport sector % 25.06 24.64 25.23 25.55 25.22 Others % 5.75 5.75 6.01 6.00 5.86 CO2 emissions per kWh of electricity generated (Grid emission factor)10 gCO2/ kWh 1084.6 915.2 909.7 945.9 954.8 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 9 Domestic sector in this document includes CEB residential consumers, charitable and religious institutions. 10 Source: Central Electricity Board 45 " P a g e 12 GLOSSARY Aviation fuel: A kerosene type meeting the required properties for use in jet engines and aircraft-turbine engines. Bagasse: Cellulosic residue left after sugar is extracted from sugar cane. Capacity: The maximum power available from a power station at a point in time: - Installed capacity: The nameplate capacity of the generator set. - Plant capacity: The net capacity measured at the terminals of the stations, i.e., after deduction of the power absorbed by the auxiliary installations and the losses in the station transformers. - Effective capacity: It is the plant capacity less any amount of derated capacity from the installed capacity. Charcoal: Comprises the solid residue obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in the absence of air. CPP (Continuous Power Producers) Entities which, in addition to their main activities, themselves produce (individually or in combination) electric energy intended, in whole or in part, to meet their own needs from bagasse only and the surplus for sale to the CEB only during the cane harvest period. Coal: Fossil fuel that has a high degree of coalification, with a gross calorific value over24MJ/kg (5700 Kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. Diesel Oil: Consists primarily of medium oil distilling between 1800 C and 3800 C. Electric energy dependence: The ratio of electricity generation from fossil fuels and electricity generation total. Electric dependency ratio: Ratio between electricity production from fossil fuels and the total electricity production. Energy: Capacity for doing work or for producing heat. Producing heat is a common manifestation of 'doing work' as are producing light and motive force. Energy intensity A measure of the energy efficiency of the economy of the country. Provides a measure of the efficiency with which energy is being used in production. A lower ratio usually reflects a more efficient use of energy. Energy unit: The International System of Units (SI unit) of energy is the Joule. Final energy: Energy that is supplied to consumers (electricity, petrol, diesel, natural gas, fuel oil, heating oil). 46 " P a g e Final Energy Consumption: Energy consumption by final user- i.e. energy which is not being used for transformation into other forms of energy. The consumption by sector is presented as follows: Agriculture: Energy used for irrigation and by other agricultural equipments; Commercial & distributive trade: Energy consumed by the business and commercial sector; Residential: Consumption of energy by residential sector; Manufacturing: Consumption in industry and construction; and Transport: Includes consumption by land vehicles, ships and local aircrafts. Fossils fuels: Formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Fuels: Term used to describe energy sources that must be subjected to combustion in order to release the energy stored up inside them. Fuel wood: All forms of woody material. Fuel Oils: Heavy oils from the refining process of crude oil and used as fuel in power stations. It is also commonly used by ships and industrial large-scale heating boilers installations as a fuel in furnaces or boilers in the manufacturing sector. Gasolene: A mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, which have been blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The aggregate money value of all goods and services produced within a country out of economic activity during a specified period, usually a year, before provision for the consumption of fixed capital. Gigawatt hour (GWh): Unit of electrical energy, equal to 3.6 terajoules (TJ). Hybrid vehicle: A vehicle that uses different types of energy for power. This vehicle has usually two types of engines: internal combustion engine and electric motor. IPP (Independent Power Producers): Entities which, in addition to their main activities, themselves produce(individually or in combination) electric energy intended, in whole or in part, to meet their own needs and for sale to the CEB throughout the year from bagasse during the cane harvest period and coal outside this period. Kerosene (excl. Aviation fuel type): A medium oil distilling between 1500 C and 3000 C and which is used in sectors other than aircraft transport. Kilowatt (kW): Unit of electrical power equal to 1 000 watts Kilowatt hour (kWh): 47 " P a g e Unit of electrical energy equal to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for one hour (3 600 s) or 3 600 000 joules. Liquefied petroleum Gas (LPG): Consists mainly of propane or butane, derived from either petroleum refining process or extracted from petroleum streams. It is normally liquefied under pressure for transportation and storage. In Mauritius it is often used to power cooking stoves or gas water heaters and to fuel some types of vehicle. Losses (transmission / distribution losses): Comprise losses in transmission and distribution of electric energy and losses in transformers, which are not considered as integral parts of the power stations. Own use (Station use and loss): Included are consumption by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers, which are considered as integral parts of the power stations. Peak demand: Term used in energy demand management describing a period in which electrical power is expected to be provided for a sustained period at a significantly higher than the average supply level. Peak demand fluctuations may occur on daily, monthly seasonal and yearly cycles. Petroleum products: The primary source of petroleum products is crude oil. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth. Diesel oil, fuel oils, Gasolene, Kerosene and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are among the major products derived from crude oil distillation. Primary energy: Primary energy designates energy from sources that involve only extraction or capture. Primary energy is not derived from any other forms of energy. By convention, sources of energy that occur naturally such as coal, heavy fuel oil, fuel wood are termed primary energy. Primary energy consumption: The final energy consumption in which is included the losses and consumption of producers and transformers of energy. Production: Comprises gross production, i.e., the amount of electric energy produced, including that consumed by station auxiliaries and any losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the power station. Renewable energy or Renewables; Natural resources that, after exploitation, can return to their previous stock levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment. Secondary energy: Designates energy from all sources of energy that results from transformation of primary sources. e.g. electricity from coal. Solar Thermal Solar energy harnessed in the form of thermal energy Thermal plants: 48 " P a g e Comprises of conventional thermal plants of all types that require combustion of fuels to generate electricity. They include steam-operated generating plants and plants using internal combustion engines or gas turbines. Thermal sources of electricity: These include coal, oil and its derivatives and bagasse. Tonne The tonne (SI symbol: t) is a metric system unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. Tonne of oil equivalent (toe): Amount of heat obtained by the perfect combustion one tonne of oil, defined as 41.868 gigajoules. Watt (W): The conventional unit to measure a rate of conversion of energy. One watt equals to 1Joule per second. 49 " P a g e 13 ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS tonne toe Gasoline 1 1.08 Diesel Oil 1 1.01 Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) 1 1.04 Fuel Oil 1 0.96 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) 1 1.08 Coal 1 0.62 Bagasse 1 0.16 Fuelwood 1 0.38 Charcoal 1 0.74 GWh ktoe Hydro/Wind/Bagasse 1 0.086 Electricity 1 0.086 1 toe = 0.041868 terajoule (TJ) (net calorific value)