Energy Observatory Report 2016.

ENERGY OBSERVATORY REPORT 2016 MAY 2018 i TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. iv 1 ENERGY SUPPLY .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Imports....................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Primary energy requirement ..................................................................................................2 1.4 Production of Primary energy – Local Renewable Sources ....................................................3 1.4.1 Hydro electricity..............................................................................................................5 1.4.2 Bagasse............................................................................................................................5 1.4.3 Photovoltaics (PV)...........................................................................................................6 1.4.4 Electricity from Wind energy ..........................................................................................7 1.4.5 Electricity from Landfill gas.............................................................................................7 1.4.6 Electricity from biogas ....................................................................................................7 1.4.7 Solar Thermal – Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in Mauritius..............................................8 1.5 Primary Energy Requirement..................................................................................................8 1.6 Petroleum products ................................................................................................................9 1.7 Primary energy re-export......................................................................................................10 1.8 Stock variation ......................................................................................................................10 1.9 Dependency on Imported Energy Carriers ...........................................................................10 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION CAPACITY........................................................................................... 11 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 13 4 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION..................................................................................................... 18 4.1 General..................................................................................................................................18 4.2 Final Energy consumption - Transport sector.......................................................................19 4.3 Vehicle fleet ..........................................................................................................................22 4.4 Final energy consumption - Manufacturing sector...............................................................23 4.5 Final energy consumption - Household sector .....................................................................24 4.6 Final energy consumption - Commercial sector ...................................................................25 4.7 Final energy consumption - Agriculture sector.....................................................................26 4.8 Electricity consumption ........................................................................................................27 4.9 Fossil Fuel consumption........................................................................................................29 5 CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO FOSSIL FUELS.......................................................................................... 30 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................30 ii 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions...................................................................................................30 5.3 Inventory of CO2 from energy sources for Republic of Mauritius in 2016............................30 5.4 Trend of CO2 emissions .........................................................................................................31 5.5 CO2 emissions for electricity generation...............................................................................31 5.6 CO2 emission in the transport sector (inclusive of aviation).................................................31 6 KEY FIGURES.................................................................................................................................. 32 7 SUMMARY TABLE 2015................................................................................................................. 33 8 SUMMARY TABLE 2016................................................................................................................. 34 9 GROWTH PERCENTAGE (%) IN 2016 COMPARED TO 2015........................................................... 35 10 ENERGY PATTERN 2016............................................................................................................. 36 11 TABLE OF INDICATORS.............................................................................................................. 37 GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................. 38 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 - Imports of energy sources ....................................................................................................1 Table 1.2 - Primary energy requirement 2015 – 2016............................................................................2 Table 1.3 - Primary energy supply in 2016 – Local resources.................................................................4 Table 1.4 - Ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse, 2007 - 2016.........................................6 Table 1.5 – SSDG and MSDG summary, Island of Mauritius...................................................................6 Table 1.6 - SSDG and MSDG summary, Island of Rodrigues ...................................................................7 Table 1.7 - Electricity produced from biogas at St Martin Treatment plant...........................................7 Table 1.8 - Import of petroleum products, 2007 - 2016.........................................................................9 Table 1.9 - Primary energy re-export....................................................................................................10 Table 1.10 - Variation in stock year ......................................................................................................10 Table 1.11 - Energy Dependency Rate, 2007 – 2016 ............................................................................10 Table 2.1 - Capacity of power plants in 2016........................................................................................11 Table 3.1 - Conversion efficiency of power plants................................................................................13 Table 3.2 - Summary of electricity production, 2007 – 2016 ...............................................................18 Table 4.1 - Fuel consumption in the Transport sector in 2016.............................................................19 Table 4.2 - New and second hand imported car registration ...............................................................23 Table 4.3 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2016 ................................................27 Table 4.4 - Analysis of domestic electricity consumption, 2009 – 2016...............................................28 Table 4.5 - Fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2016.............................................................................29 Table 5.1 - CO2 emissions, 2007 -2016.................................................................................................31 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Fossil energy imports 2016..................................................................................................1 Figure 1.2 - Trend of fossil fuel imports..................................................................................................2 Figure 1.3 - Primary energy requirement (ktoe).....................................................................................3 Figure 1.4 - Trend of Primary energy from Local Resources, 2007 – 2016.............................................4 Figure 1.5 - Trend of hydro-electric generation, 2007 to 2016 ..............................................................5 Figure 1.6 - Trend of electricity generation from bagasse, 2007 to 2016 ..............................................5 Figure 1.7 - Primary Energy Requirement, 2007 - 2016..........................................................................8 Figure 2.1 - Trend of effective power plant capacity, 2008 – 2016......................................................12 Figure 3.1 - Trend of electricity production, 2007 - 2016.....................................................................13 Figure 3.2 - Share of electricity production by fuel type ......................................................................14 Figure 3.3 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Mauritius), 2007 – 2016.............................................15 Figure 3.4 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues), 2007 - 2016 .............................................16 Figure 3.5 - Electricity demand (MW) trend, January 2007 to Dec 2016 .............................................17 Figure 3.6 – Seasonal peak demand profile, 2016................................................................................18 Figure 4.1 : Final energy consumption by sector, 2007– 2016.............................................................19 Figure 4.2 - Fuel consumption share in sub-sectors of the Transport sector in 2007 and 2016 ..........20 Figure 4.3 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in sub-sectors of Transport sector 2007 – 2016 ...................21 Figure 4.4 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in land Transport, 2007 - 2016..............................................22 Figure 4.5 - Vehicle fleet by type of fuel...............................................................................................22 Figure 4.6 - Share of energy sources, Manufacturing Sector, 2016......................................................23 Figure 4.7 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Manufacturing Sector, 2007 – 2016............................24 Figure 4.8 - Share of energy sources, Household sector, 2016 ............................................................24 Figure 4.9 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Household sector, 2007 - 2016....................................25 Figure 4.10 - Share of energy sources in the Commercial sector, 2016 ...............................................25 Figure 4.11 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Commercial sector, 2007 - 2016................................26 Figure 4.12 - Share of energy sources in Agriculture sector, 2016.......................................................26 Figure 4.13 - Share of fuel consumption in the Agriculture sector, 2007 – 2016.................................27 Figure 4.14 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2016 .............................................28 Figure 4.15 - Share of fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2016............................................................29 Figure 5.1 - Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 2016 .............................30 Figure 5.2 - Trend of CO2 emissions, 2007 – 2016................................................................................31 v Disclaimer This report has been compiled using data from the Central Electricity Board, National Transport Authority and Statistics Mauritius. Neither the Energy Efficiency Management Office, nor any of its employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information in this report. Note: All data in this document refer to the Republic of Mauritius, unless otherwise specified and may be subject to revision in subsequent issues. The figures for Republic of Mauritius include those for the Island of Mauritius and the Island of Rodrigues. Rounding of error may be present on certain totals. Energy Observatory Report 2016 1 " P a g e 1 ENERGY SUPPLY 1.1 Introduction The energy supply of Mauritius is divided into: - imports of primary energy (fossil fuels: heavy fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel, coal); - production of primary energy (local resources: bagasse, hydro, wind, landfill gas, fuelwood, photovoltaic); - primary energy re-exports; and - variation of stocks. 1.2 Imports The imports of energy sources in 2016 totalled 2047.8 ktoe, as shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 - Imports of energy sources Fossil Energy Imports 2016 ktonne ktoe Coal 925.5 573.8 Gasoline 168.8 182.3 Diesel oil 339.1 342.5 Aviation fuel 285.0 296.4 kerosene 2.1 2.2 Fuel oil 489.7 470.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 167.0 180.4 TOTAL 2377.2 2047.8 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius The distribution of the imports of energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 - Fossil energy imports 2016 Coal 28.0% Gasolene 8.9% Diesel oil 16.7% Aviation fuel 14.5% kerosene 0.1% Fuel oil 23.0% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 8.8% Energy Observatory Report 2016 2 " P a g e Petroleum products are intended mostly for the sectors of transport, electricity generation, manufacturing as well as in the household, commercial and agriculture sectors. Coal is used primarily for power generation from thermal coal/bagasse power plants with a small fraction being used in the manufacturing sector. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used mainly as cooking and water heating fuel, to a lesser extent as fuel for vehicles. Fig 1.2 shows the trend of fossil fuel import for the period 2007-2016. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.2 - Trend of fossil fuel imports In 2016, the amount of fossil fuels imported increased by 15% compared to 2015. However, due to a decrease in the price of fossil fuels, the total import bill of energy sources for 2016 amounted to Rs 21,610 M compared to Rs 23,152 M in 2015, representing a decrease of 6.7%. Petroleum products (Gasoline, Diesel Oil, Dual purpose kerosene, Fuel Oil and LPG) imports amounted to Rs 19,715M, while import value for coal was Rs 1, 895 M. 1.3 Primary energy requirement The primary energy requirements are met from imported sources and from local renewable sources as shown in Table 1.2. Table 1.2 - Primary energy requirement 2015 – 2016 Primary Energy Requirement (ktoe) 2015 2016 % change Imported fuels Coal 446.9 455.3 1.9% Gasoline 163.0 178.9 9.8% Diesel Oil 209.6 210.5 0.4% Aviation Fuel 124.3 147.6 18.7% Kerosene 0.9 0.8 -11.1% 401.6 376.0 347.1 409.6 409.3 452.2 439.2 478.5 498.6 573.8 104.1 117.2 112.8 130.2 126.0 138.4 149.3 148.9 167.1 182.3 310.6 331.7 290.9 313.5 313.0 316.9 339.5 306.7 321.9 342.5 273.1 272.7 212.9 244.2 235.4 221.5 250.7 241.3 279.6 296.4 3.9 6.1 4.3 7.0 4.5 7.3 3.0 2.3 2.6 2.2 320.6 279.4 330.0 327.8 417.4 385.2 411.9 390.2 427.3 470.1 67.8 68.2 67.6 67.7 71.6 73.3 73.7 81.6 78.3 180.4 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 KTOE YEAR Coal Gasolene Diesel oil Aviation fuel kerosene Fuel oil Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Energy Observatory Report 2016 3 " P a g e Fuel Oil 259.2 254.4 -1.9% LPG 79.2 80.9 2.1% Sub Total 1283.2 1328.5 3.5% Local resources Bagasse 230.1 206.1 -10.4% Fuelwood 6.5 6.4 -1.5% Photovoltaic 2.2 2.6 18.2% Landfill gas 1.8 1.6 -11.1% Hydro 10.5 8.6 -18.1% Wind 0.2 1.5 650.0% Sub Total 251.3 226.8 -9.7% TOTAL 1534.4 1555.3 1.4% Data Source: Statistics Mauritius In 2016, primary energy requirement from fossil fuels amounted to 1555.3 ktoe representing an increase of 1.4 % compared to 2015. Figure 1.3 shows the share of fuel source in the primary energy requirement for year 2016 in ktoe. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.3 - Primary energy requirement (ktoe) 1.4 Production of Primary energy – Local Renewable Sources Examples of renewable energy sources are wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal, hydro energy including energy derived from biomass, landfill gas, sewage gas, and biogas. In Mauritius, the main sources of renewable energy exploited are biomass, in the form of bagasse, hydro, PV, wind and fuel wood. A total of 226.8 ktoe of local resources was tapped in 2016, as shown in Table 1.3. Coal 29.3% Gasoline 11.5% Diesel Oil 13.5% Aviation Fuel 9.5% Kerosene 0.1% Fuel Oil 16.3% LPG 5.2% Bagasse 13.3% Fuelwood 0.4% Photovoltaic 0.2% Landfill gas 0.1% Hydro 0.6% Wind 0.1% Other 1.3% Energy Observatory Report 2016 4 " P a g e Table 1.3 - Primary energy supply in 2016 – Local resources Local Resources ktonne GWh Ktoe Bagasse 1288.0 - 206.1 Fuelwood 16.9 - 6.4 Photovoltaic - 30.3 2.6 Landfill gas - 18.7 1.6 Hydro - 99.5 8.6 Wind - 18.0 1.5 Total 1304.9 166.5 226.8 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius In 2016, primary energy from local resources decreased by 9.7 %, compared to 2015. Bagasse is the main source of primary energy from local resources. Photovoltaic (PV), mostly due to the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme implemented by the CEB which allows Small Independent Power Producers (SIPP) to feed electricity generated through PV plants installed on their premises to the CEB grid, provided 2.6 ktoe of electricity in 2016. Figure 1.4 shows the trend of primary energy obtained from local resources from 2007 to 2016: Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.4 - Trend of Primary energy from Local Resources, 2007 – 2016 230.5 246.4 218.0 225.0 218.1 206.5 201.7 193.4 230.1 206.1 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 2.2 2.6 7.2 9.3 10.5 8.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 7.8 10.5 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 KTOE YEAR Bagasse Fuelwood Landfill Gas Photovoltaic Hydro Wind (Rodrigues Island) Energy Observatory Report 2016 5 " P a g e 1.4.1 Hydro electricity Hydroelectricity is a form of energy generated by the conversion of free-falling water to electricity. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.5 - Trend of hydro-electric generation, 2007 to 2016 Hydroelectric power generation accounted for 3.3% of electricity produced in 2016. Fluctuations in hydroelectric power generation tend to follow annual rainfall levels as shown in Figure 1.5. In 2011, the discrepancy between hydroelectric power generation and rainfall level can be attributed to the water shortage that affected the island of Mauritius where water, that otherwise, would have been used for hydroelectric power generation had to be diverted for use in other sectors. 1.4.2 Bagasse Bagasse is the fibrous residue of sugar cane used by sugar factories for heat production to meet their own requirements. Surplus of bagasse is converted into electricity by thermal power plants found mostly on sugar estates. Figure 1.6 gives the bagasse input for electricity generation and the amount so generated over the period 2007 to 2016. In 2016, 1288.0 ktonnes of bagasse was produced out of which 1129.5 ktonnes was used for electricity generation. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.6 - Trend of electricity generation from bagasse, 2007 to 2016 1946 2381 2383 1806 1948 1621 2126 2094 2377 1896 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 mm GWh Hydro power generated (GWh) Mean rainfall whole island (mm) 1040.3 1300.9 1135.6 1140.4 1119.0 1077.8 1056.1 1030.6 1240.3 1129.5 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ktonne GWh Electricity (GWh) Bagasse input (ktonne) Energy Observatory Report 2016 6 " P a g e Table 1.4 shows the ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse over the period 2007 to 2016. The ratio varies in the range of 0.374 MWh/tonne to 0.450 MWh/tonne. In 2016, the ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse was 0.440. Also 16.3 % of electricity production was from bagasse representing a decrease of 2.5 % compared to 2015. Table 1.4 - Ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse, 2007 - 2016 1.4.3 Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaics is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors. PV installations are generally used as source of electricity in remote areas where access to the CEB network is not accessible or the cost of extension of the existing network is too high. The main applications are in private hunting ground or domains. Another use of PV is for solar powered street lighting. The electricity generation from photovoltaic panels was 30.0 GWh in 2016 compared to 25.9 GWh in 2015. A notable increase arising mainly from the coming into operation of small and medium scale PV plants installed by CEB customers. Table 1.5 provides information about Solar PV under the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) and Medium Scale Distributed Generation (MSDG) up to the year 2016 for the Island of Mauritius. Table 1.5 – SSDG and MSDG summary, Island of Mauritius Scheme No. of approved applications (cumulated) Total Capacity of approved applications (kW) (cumulated) Total Capacity of PV systems connected to the CEB grid (kW) (cumulated) Total kWh Produced during the year Total kWh Exported to the CEB grid during the year SSDG FIT Scheme 317 2815.3 2199.0 2955015.0 1851855.0 SSDG PECR Scheme 137 1688.9 975.0 1129608.1 723751.1 SSDG Net metering Scheme 1058 3371.3 602.8 210184.0 133376.0 MSDG Net metering Scheme 83 10238.5 1518.1 2365516.0 139860.0 Total 1595.0 18114.0 5295.0 6660323.1 2848842.1 Data source: CEB Table 1.6 provides information about Solar PV under the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) and Medium Scale Distributed Generation (MSDG) for year 2016 for the Island of Rodrigues. 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Ratio electricity produced to bagasse input (MWh/tonne) 0.450 0.374 0.427 0.416 0.435 0.437 0.448 0.443 0.411 0.440 Energy Observatory Report 2016 7 " P a g e Table 1.6 - SSDG and MSDG summary, Island of Rodrigues Scheme No. of approved applications (cumulated) Total Capacity of approved applications (kW) (cumulated) Total Capacity of PV systems connected to the CEB grid (kW) (cumulated) Total kWh Produced during the year Total kWh Exported to the CEB grid during the year SSDG FIT scheme 39 230 172 241597 188593 SSDG PECR scheme 6 32.88 32.88 28642.5 7241 Total 31 189.88 204.88 270239.5 195834 Data source: CEB 1.4.4 Electricity from Wind energy Wind energy comes from the movement of air across the atmosphere of the Earth. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to generate electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or sails to propel ships. It may be noted 18.0 GWh of electricity was produced from wind energy in Rodrigues Island in 2016. In Mauritius, a wind farm of a total installed capacity of 9.35 MW, set up by Eole Plaines des Roches Ltd, was launched in Mauritius in December 2016. A Power Purchase Agreement for a 29.4 MW wind farm to be set up by Consortium Suzlon-Padgreen Co Ltd at Curepipe Point (Plaine Sophie) was signed in August 2012. The wind farm project is currently being implemented. 1.4.5 Electricity from Landfill gas Landfill gas is a gas, constituted mostly of methane, produced by the fermentation of organic waste in landfills in the absence of oxygen. 18.7 GWh of electricity was produced from landfill gas in Mauritius in 2016. 1.4.6 Electricity from biogas Data on biogas from sludge digester used to partially meet the electricity requirements of the St Martin wastewater treatment plant is provided in Table 1.7. Table 1.7 - Electricity produced from biogas at St Martin Treatment plant 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Electricity generated (kWh) 1,093,335 1,140,138 1,185,523 1,145,557 965,616 950,773 644,031 783,883 Data source: Wastewater Management Authority Energy Observatory Report 2016 8 " P a g e 1.4.7 Solar Thermal – Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in Mauritius According to the Performance Audit Report 2017 of the National Audit Office, grants have been provided for the subsidy of 73,480 solar water heaters up to 2016, under the four phases of the Solar Water Heater Grant Scheme (SWHGS). In the case that these solar water heaters have displaced only electric water heaters, in the ratio of 1 : 5, the avoided electric energy is estimated at 6.34 GWh and the avoided LPG mass is estimated at 2, 987 tonnes. The avoided CO2 emissions, using the grid emission factor for year 2016, and assuming 1.51 kg of CO2 per litre of LPG, would be 14 613 tCO2. It is to be noted that large scale solar water heater are used in other sectors of the economy such as the tourism sector and manufacturing sector to preheat water for swimming pools and boilers. Figures for these sectors are, however, currently not available. 1.5 Primary Energy Requirement The evolution of primary energy requirement over the period 2007 to 2016 is shown in Figure 1.7. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.7 - Primary Energy Requirement, 2007 - 2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 LPG 68.9 67.9 68.9 70.2 71.1 72.6 74.9 76.7 79.2 80.9 Fuel oil 251.9 213.3 227.9 232.2 248.1 245.5 248.5 254.8 259.2 254.4 kerosene 2.4 4.0 6.7 8.0 4.3 3.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 Aviation fuel 143.6 136.9 110.5 123.3 134.3 115.0 120.7 126.8 124.3 147.6 Diesel oil 207.4 205.4 206.7 213.6 210.1 213.4 207.0 208.0 209.6 210.5 Gasoline 106.9 109.5 120.6 127.7 130.0 136.6 142.7 151.7 163.0 178.9 Coal 355.0 403.9 369.3 414.1 397.7 418.4 440.6 460.3 446.9 455.3 Wind 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.5 Hydro 7.2 9.3 10.5 8.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 7.8 10.5 8.6 Landfill gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 Photovoltaic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 2.2 2.6 Fuelwood 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 Bagasse 230.5 246.4 218.0 225.0 218.1 206.5 201.7 193.4 230.1 206.1 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1800.0 KTOE Primary Energy Requirement Energy Observatory Report 2016 9 " P a g e 1.6 Petroleum products The State Trading Corporation (STC) is responsible for the importation of all the country's requirements of petroleum products. These include the demands for the running of public transport, industrial and commercial activities, private motor vehicles, the needs of the Central Electricity Board in fuel oils for its power plants, the needs for aircraft refuelling at the SSR International Airport and the needs of bunker fuels for international shipping. Table 1.8 shows the imports of petroleum products over the period 2007 to 2016. It may be noted that annual demand in Petroleum Products to meet domestic and international demand increased by 15% from 1,262,322 tonnes in 2015 to 1,451,834 tonnes in 2016. Kerosene is used essentially in the household sector. With a price increase in 2006, consumption of kerosene has seen a sharp decrease over the years. In 2005, 18.1 ktonnes of kerosene was imported while in 2016, this stood at 2.1 ktonnes. Table 1.8 - Import of petroleum products, 2007 - 2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Gasoline 96.4 108.5 104.4 120.9 116.7 128.2 138.2 137.9 154.7 168.8 Diesel oil 307.5 328.5 288.0 310.4 309.9 313.8 336.1 303.6 318.7 339.1 Aviation fuel 262.6 262.2 204.7 234.9 226.4 213.0 241.1 232.0 268.8 285.0 kerosene 3.7 5.9 4.1 6.7 4.3 7.0 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.1 Fuel oil 333.9 291.0 343.7 341.5 434.8 401.2 429.1 406.4 445.1 489.7 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 62.8 63.1 62.6 62.7 66.3 67.9 68.2 75.6 72.5 167.0 TOTAL (thousand tonnes) 1066.9 1059.2 1007.6 1076.7 1158.4 1131.1 1215.5 1159.9 1262.3 1451.8 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Upon arrival at the Port Louis Harbour, the petroleum products are pumped out of the tankers and delivered through pipelines into fuel tanks, owned by local oil companies, in the port Area. The capacity of the fuel tanks are as follows: (i) Gasolin (MOGAS) – 12,900 tonnes; (ii) Diesel – 18,900 tonnes; and (iii) LPG – 5,400 tonnes. Joint Utility Hydrant Installation (JUHI), a consortium of four local oil companies, owns and operates a Jet Fuel tank of capacity 22,500 tonnes near SSR Airport. The oil companies market, distribute and retail the products through their respective networks of fuel pump stations across the country. Some also operate barges to carry out their bunker supply operations at sea. Energy Observatory Report 2016 10 " P a g e 1.7 Primary energy re-export Primary energy re-export in 2016 is shown in Table 1.9. Table 1.9 - Primary energy re-export Energy Source ktonne ktoe Diesel oil 119.9 121.1 Aviation fuel (foreign aircraft) 141.6 147.3 Fuel oil 217.0 208.3 LPG 82.7 89.3 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 1.8 Stock variation The variations in stock in 2016 are provided in the Table 1.10. Table 1.10 - Variation in stock year 2016 Import Export Primary energy requirement Stock Variations (Import - Export - Primary Energy Requirement) ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe Coal 925.5 573.8 734.4 455.3 191.1 118.5 Gasoline 168.8 182.3 165.7 178.9 3.1 3.4 Diesel oil 339.1 342.5 119.9 121.1 208.4 210.5 10.8 10.9 Aviation Fuel 287.2 296.4 141.6 147.3 141.9 147.6 3.7 3.8 Kerosene 2.1 2.2 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.4 Fuel oil 489.7 470.1 217.0 208.3 265.0 254.4 7.7 7.4 LPG 167.0 180.4 82.7 89.3 74.9 80.9 9.4 10.2 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 1.9 Dependency on Imported Energy Carriers In 2016, the dependency rate on imported energy carriers was 85.4%. The trend of the dependency rate from 2007 to 2016 is shown in Table 1.11. Table 1.11 - Energy Dependency Rate, 2007 – 2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 82.2% 81.2% 82.5% 83.1% 83.8% 84.4% 84.9% 85.8% 83.6% 85.4% Energy Observatory Report 2016 11 " P a g e 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION CAPACITY The capacity of power plants connected to the grid in 2016 is shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 - Capacity of power plants in 2016 Type of power plant Installed plant capacity (MW) Total Installed plant capacity (MW) Effective plant capacity (MW) Total effective plant capacity (MW) BAGASSE (during cane harvest) Medine 22.50 22.50 16.40 16.40 COAL- BAGASSE Alteo Energy Ltd (formerly Consolidated Energy Ltd) 36.70 258.80 33.00 224.80 Terragen Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique de Belle Vue) 71.20 62.00 Consolidated energy limited 28.40 25.80 Omnicane Thermal Energy Operations (St Aubin) Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique du Sud) 32.50 30.00 Omnicane Thermal Energy Operations (La Baraque) Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique de Savannah) 90.00 74.00 HYDRO Champagne 30.00 60.74 28.00 56.30 Ferney 10.00 10.00 Tamarind Falls 11.70 9.50 Le Val 4.00 4.00 Reduit 1.20 1.00 Cascade Cecile 1.00 1.00 Magenta 0.94 0.90 Midlands Dam 0.35 0.35 La Nicoliere 0.35 0.35 La Ferme 1.20 1.20 LANDFILL GAS Sotravic Ltd 3.45 3.45 3.00 3.0 KEROSENE Nicolay 78.40 78.40 75.00 75.00 DIESEL & FUEL OIL St Louis 89.00 336.60 66.60 307.60 Fort Victoria 109.60 107.00 Fort George 138.00 134.00 PHOTOVOLTAIC Island of Mauritius1 27.09 27.10 26.11 26.12 Fort George 0.005 0.005 Fort Victoria 0.005 0.005 PHOTOVOLTAIC Island of Rodrigues2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 WIND Island of Mauritius (IPP) 9.35 9.35 9.35 9.35 WIND Island of Rodrigues 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 DIESEL & FUEL OIL Island of Rodrigues 12.40 12.40 11.60 11.60 Total power available on grid (Island of Mauritius) (MW) 796.94 796.94 718.57 718.57 Total power available on grid (Island of Rodrigues) (MW) 13.88 13.88 13.08 13.08 Total (MW) 810.82 810.82 731.65 731.65 1 Includes SSDG, MSDG and Sarako 2 Includes SSDG and MSDG Energy Observatory Report 2016 12 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius The trend of power plant capacity from 2008 to 2016 (Island of Mauritius) is shown in Figure 2.1. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 2.1 - Trend of effective power plant capacity, 2008 – 2016 14.0 27.6 37.6 23.6 13.0 12.5 12.5 16.4 16.4 227.0 243.0 240.5 240.5 224.5 224.5 224.5 224.8 224.8 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 247.6 247.6 247.6 263.6 312.9 313.6 307.6 307.6 307.6 53.1 53.1 53.5 53.5 53.8 56.3 56.3 56.3 56.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.4 18.1 18.5 26.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 9.4 9.8 11.7 11.4 11.4 11.6 11.6 1.3 1.28 1.28 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 550.0 600.0 650.0 700.0 750.0 800.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Effective Capacity / MW Bagasse (during cane harvest) Coal-Bagasse Kerosene Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius) Hydro Landfill gas Photovoltaic Photovoltaic (Island of Rodrigues) Wind Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues) Wind (Island of Rodrigues) Energy Observatory Report 2016 13 " P a g e 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Overall conversion efficiencies of power plants in 2016 are given in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 - Conversion efficiency of power plants 2016 Fuel input Electricity production Overall conversion efficiency ktoe GWh ktoe % Coal 434.8 1266.8 108.9 25.0 Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius) 207.2 1072.9 92.3 44.5 Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues 8.2 37.0 3.2 39.0 kerosene 0.8 2.1 0.2 25.0 Bagasse 180.7 497.0 42.7 23.6 TOTAL (Thermal) 832.5 2875.8 247.3 29.7 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.1 shows the trend of electricity production per source of energy over the period 2007 to 2016. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.1 - Trend of electricity production, 2007 - 2016 Total electricity production over the previous year increased by 1.6 % in 2016 compared to 2.0 % in 2015. In 2016, 78.2% of electricity production was derived from fossil fuel sources while 21.8% of electricity production was from renewable energy sources. 993.6 1,128.7 1,015.3 1,115.9 1,119.4 1,162.3 1,213.6 1,259.5 1,181.7 1,266.8 915.7 827.2 938.0 976.6 1,058.7 1,057.0 1,076.1 1,079.3 1,131.2 1,109.9 3.2 6.6 15.3 18.9 11.6 11.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.1 467.9 486.4 485.0 474.1 486.5 470.5 472.8 456.2 509.8 497.0 0.4 0.4 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.8 18.0 83.9 108.0 122.4 100.7 56.5 74.1 94.8 90.8 121.9 99.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.7 24.6 25.9 30.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 17.8 20.0 21.3 20.4 18.7 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION (GWH) YEAR Coal Diesel & Fuel oil kerosene Bagasse Wind Hydro Photovoltaic Landfill gas Energy Observatory Report 2016 14 " P a g e The share of electricity generated from renewable energy sources in 2016 was 21.8% which is less than the share of 22.7% in 2015. This is due to the decrease in electricity production from bagasse by 2.5% and 18.4 % from hydro power stations as compared to 2015. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.2 - Share of electricity production by fuel type Coal, 108.9 ktoe, 41.6% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius), 92.3 ktoe, 35.3% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues, 3.2 ktoe, 1.2% kerosene, 0.2 ktoe, 0.1% Bagasse , 42.7 ktoe, 16.3% Wind, 1.5 ktoe, 0.6% Hydro, 8.6 ktoe, 3.3% Photovoltaic, 2.6 ktoe, 1.0% Landfill gas, 1.6 ktoe, 0.6% Share of electricity production by fuel type 2016 Energy Observatory Report 2016 15 " P a g e Figure 3.3 shows the monthly peak electricity demand for the years 2007 - 2016 (Island of Mauritius). Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.3 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Mauritius), 2007 – 2016 In 2016, peak power demand varied between 384.9 MW and 467.9 MW. Peak demand of 467.9 MW occurred in January. The peak power demand is observed to follow prevailing meteorological conditions, mainly temperature with peaks noted in the summer season, which implies additional power demand for air conditioning across the island. Electricity use for refrigeration also increases during the summer period. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2016 467.9 460.0 461.0 437.6 430.8 389.9 386.8 385.3 384.9 408.8 429.0 445.7 2015 442.0 438.2 459.9 430.9 423.5 392.9 381.6 393.5 383.5 406.5 420.0 455.1 2014 446.2 445.1 445.3 421.3 413.7 386.6 375.3 393.7 384.6 418.1 427.0 442.5 2013 433.0 438.2 420.6 409.4 399.1 373.8 373.2 369.6 383.1 396.3 418.7 441.1 2012 410.4 429.1 412.4 397.6 388.8 368.4 366.3 366.6 371.7 386.3 406.9 430.1 2011 394.6 404.0 402.3 395.2 384.7 369.9 364.3 349.8 365.4 385.4 394.1 412.5 2010 384.4 395.9 404.1 387.1 375.1 359.1 352.7 348.3 351.7 370.9 377.7 398.2 2009 386.2 388.6 375.6 373.0 371.7 357.9 333.6 336.9 339.4 357.0 368.1 386.9 2008 377.9 373.5 378.1 369.2 365.9 347.3 342.3 347.7 340.1 352.9 363.9 377.3 2007 366.0 364.8 360.7 364.5 360.0 342.7 339.3 341.5 348.8 339.8 367.6 367.4 320.0 340.0 360.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 MW Peak electricity demand Energy Observatory Report 2016 16 " P a g e Figure 3.4 shows the monthly peak electricity demand for the years 2007 to 2016 (Island of Rodrigues). Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.4 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues), 2007 - 2016 Peak demand has consistently increased as shown by the demand trend over the period 2007 - 2016 (Island of Mauritius) in Figure 3.5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2016 6.980 7.070 7.080 7.080 6.868 6.320 6.374 6.366 6.366 6.639 6.760 7.570 2015 6.540 6.719 6.870 6.716 6.507 6.477 6.376 6.210 6.433 6.429 6.600 7.241 2014 6.300 6.090 6.280 6.314 6.450 6.062 5.953 6.070 6.212 6.450 6.512 7.204 2013 5.943 6.052 6.110 6.016 6.078 5.810 5.785 5.780 5.706 5.950 6.020 6.850 2012 5.561 5.568 5.663 5.825 6.077 5.656 5.517 5.736 5.505 5.781 5.936 6.552 2011 5.554 5.716 5.640 5.630 5.680 5.733 5.446 5.488 5.503 5.730 5.579 6.390 2010 5.430 5.560 5.310 5.420 5.740 5.300 5.340 5.276 5.548 5.376 5.292 6.100 2009 5.480 5.220 5.140 5.430 5.560 5.350 5.160 5.220 5.220 5.180 5.300 5.550 2008 5.370 5.290 5.530 5.490 5.420 5.280 5.370 5.290 5.200 5.290 4.950 5.970 2007 5.480 5.330 5.450 5.480 5.370 5.250 5.230 5.560 5.330 5.320 5.140 5.900 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 8.000 MW Peak electricity demand Energy Observatory Report 2016 17 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.5 - Electricity demand (MW) trend, January 2007 to Dec 2016 Based on the seasonality in Mauritius, two typical demand profiles namely winter demand profile and summer demand profile are identified. In summer, demand is higher than in winter. This is mainly due to the use of air conditioning loads. However, during the day, the increase in demand is due to the Commercial and Industrial Sectors while the residential sector contributes mainly in the evening. 320.0 340.0 360.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 Jan-07 May-07 Sep-07 Jan-08 May-08 Sep-08 Jan-09 May-09 Sep-09 Jan-10 May-10 Sep-10 Jan-11 May-11 Sep-11 Jan-12 May-12 Sep-12 Jan-13 May-13 Sep-13 Jan-14 May-14 Sep-14 Jan-15 May-15 Sep-15 Jan-16 May-16 Sep-16 MW Electricity demand (MW) Electricity demand (MW) Trend (linear) Energy Observatory Report 2016 18 " P a g e Figure 3.6 shows the hourly seasonal peak demand profile for the year 2016. Data Source: CEB Figure 3.6 – Seasonal peak demand profile, 2016 Table 3.2 provides a summary of the electricity production over the period 2007 to 2016 (Island of Mauritius). Table 3.2 - Summary of electricity production, 2007 – 2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Fossil (GWh) 1,912.5 1,962.4 1,968.5 2,111.4 2,189.6 2,230.3 2,291.3 2,340.7 2,314.9 2,378.8 Renewables (GWh) 552.2 594.8 608.9 577.3 548.9 566.8 594.0 596.2 680.6 663.5 Increase (GWh) 114.6 92.5 20.2 111.3 49.9 58.6 88.1 51.6 58.7 214.8 Percentage increase overall 4.9 % 3.8 % 0.8 % 4.3 % 1.9 % 2.1 % 3.2 % 1.8 % 2.0 % 1.6 % Percentage of renewables 22.4% 23.3% 23.6% 21.5% 20.0% 20.3% 20.6% 20.3% 22.7% 21.8% Peak demand (MW) (Island of Mauritius) 367.6 378.1 388.6 404.1 412.5 430.1 441.1 446.2 459.9 467.9 Peak demand evolution 0.1 % 2.9 % 2.8 % 4.0 % 2.1 % 4.3 % 2.5 % 1.2 % 3.1 % 1.7 % Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 4 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 4.1 General Final energy consumption describes consumption of end users, excluding energy used for electricity generation and losses in the energy transfer matrix. Figure 4.1 shows the final energy consumption on a sector basis, for the period 2007 to 2016. It can be noted that the total final energy consumption in 2016 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 400.00 450.00 0.00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 PEAK (MW) TIME Summer Winter Energy Observatory Report 2016 19 " P a g e amounted to 951.1 ktoe, representing an increase of 4.2 % compared to 2015. As can be seen in Figure 4.1, an increase in final energy consumption has been observed in all other sectors, with the highest increase (+ 42.5 ktoe) being for the transport sector. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.1 : Final energy consumption by sector, 2007– 2016 4.2 Final Energy consumption - Transport sector Table 4.1 gives the fuel consumption in the sub-sectors of the transport sector, while Figure 4.2 shows the share of fuel use in each sub-sector and Figure 4.3 depicts the trend in consumption over the period 2007 – 2016. Table 4.1 - Fuel consumption in the Transport sector in 2016 Transport sector Gasoline Diesel Aviation fuel (local aircraft) LPG Fuel Oil Total (ktoe) Land 174.7 170.2 3.8 348.7 Aviation 147.6 147.6 Sea3 4.2 1.2 3.9 9.3 Total (ktoe) 178.9 171.5 147.6 3.8 3.9 505.6 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 3 Sea Transport comprises interisland traffic for both cargo and passengers, pleasure crafts in the tourism sector and Mauritian fishing vessels. 415.6 410.6 394.9 421.6 435.3 427.3 438.8 454.1 463.1 505.6 264.0 247.7 224.1 231.2 221.8 215.4 212.3 210.7 216.2 206.9 108.7 110.2 113.1 116.9 117.4 120.1 123.4 126.5 129.9 132.2 65.2 69.1 72.3 76.5 80.7 83.7 88.1 92.5 95.5 97.6 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 KTOE YEAR Transport Manufacturing Household Commercial Agriculture Others Energy Observatory Report 2016 20 " P a g e Figure 4.2 - Fuel consumption share in sub-sectors of the Transport sector in 2007 and 2016 Land, 348.7 ktoe, 69% Aviation , 147.6 ktoe, 29% Sea, 9.3 ktoe, 2% YEAR 2016 Land, 263.6 ktoe, 63% Aviation , 143.6 ktoe, 35% Sea, 8.4 ktoe, 2% YEAR 2007 Energy Observatory Report 2016 21 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.3 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in sub-sectors of Transport sector 2007 – 2016 The trend of fuel consumption in the land transport sector over the period 2007 to 2016 is shown in Figure 4.4. It may be noted that fuel consumption in land transport reached 348.7 ktoe in 2016; representing an increase of 5.4 % over 2015. 263.6 265.7 276.7 290.6 293.1 304.2 310.1 319.1 330.8 348.8 143.6 136.9 110.5 123.3 134.3 115.0 120.7 126.8 124.3 147.6 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 9.3 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ktoe Land Aviation Sea Energy Observatory Report 2016 22 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.4 - Trend of Fuel Consumption in land Transport, 2007 - 2016 Compared to 2015, it may be observed that in 2016:- - Diesel consumption increased by 1.3%. - Gasoline consumption increased by 9.6 %. - LPG (autogas) consumption has increased by 11.8 % 4.3 Vehicle fleet The fleet of powered vehicles for Mauritius comprised 505 823 vehicles in 2016. Data Source: National Transport Authority Figure 4.5 - Vehicle fleet by type of fuel In 2016 the number of hybrid powered vehicles increased to 3765 compared to 2413 in 2015. 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 104.2 106.8 117.6 124.5 126.8 133.2 139.2 148.2 159.4 174.7 152.2 153.4 154.2 161.1 161.5 166.3 166.5 166.8 168.0 170.2 7.2 5.6 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.4 3.8 KTOE Gasolene Diesel oil LPG (autogas) Gasolene , 417174, 82.5% Diesel, 84582, 16.7% Hybrid, 3765, 0.7% Electric, 29, 0.0% LPG, 273, 0.1% Energy Observatory Report 2016 23 " P a g e It may be noted from Table 4.2 that there has been an increase in new and second hand imported vehicles registrations in 2016 of +70 % compared to 2015. Table 4.2 - New and second hand imported car registration Engine capacity 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 % growth in 2016 over 2015 Up to 1,000 c.c 535 726 804 948 856 1634 1982 1519 3205 8988 180.4 1,001 - 1,250 c.c 1338 1580 1211 1060 1158 1582 2056 3166 4128 3199 -22.5 1,251 - 1,400 c.c 1283 1801 1691 2205 2015 2691 3321 3212 1986 3888 95.8 1,401 - 1,500 c.c 2033 2042 1835 2384 1771 1824 2528 2425 2543 3138 23.4 1,501 - 2,000 c.c 2482 2858 2927 2105 2867 3557 3240 3039 2743 3556 29.6 2,001 - 2,250 c.c 72 338 32 9 20 30 51 56 61 160 162.3 2,251 - 2,500 c.c 91 169 155 196 166 58 432 512 335 1224 265.4 2,501 - 3,000 c.c 129 162 139 154 185 142 102 94 122 676 454.1 Above 3,000 c.c 82 115 72 87 71 77 48 44 34 937 2655.9 Total 8045 9791 8866 9148 9109 11595 13760 14067 15157 25766 70.0 Data Source: National Transport Authority 4.4 Final energy consumption - Manufacturing sector Total energy consumption in the manufacturing sector amounted to 206.9 ktoe in 2016 which was 4.3 % less than in 2015. Figure 4.6 shows the share of different energy sources used in the manufacturing sector in 2016, while Figure 4.7 provides the trend for the period 2007 to 2016. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.6 - Share of energy sources, Manufacturing Sector, 2016 Coal, 20.6 ktoe, 9.9% Diesel oil, 35.7 ktoe, 17.2% Fuel oil , 35.3 ktoe, 17.1% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 6.0 ktoe, 2.9% Fuelwood, 0.5 ktoe, 0.2% Bagasse, 25.4 ktoe, 12.3% Electricity, 83.4 ktoe, 40.3% Energy Observatory Report 2016 24 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.7 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Manufacturing Sector, 2007 – 2016 4.5 Final energy consumption - Household sector Total energy consumption in the household sector amounted to 132.2 ktoe in 2016 representing a 1.8% growth over 2015. The share of energy sources in the Household sector in 2016 is given in Figure 4.8. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.8 - Share of energy sources, Household sector, 2016 kerosene, 0.1 ktoe, 0.1% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 53.4 ktoe, 40.4% Fuel wood, 5.2 ktoe, 3.9% Charcoal, 0.1 ktoe, 0.1% Electricity, 73.5 ktoe, 55.6% kerosene Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel wood Charcoal Electricity 12.4 25.8 13.4 15.4 15.0 15.9 17.1 19.4 22.6 20.6 48.8 46.8 46.3 47.0 43.5 41.7 35.8 36.5 37.0 35.7 53.5 48.3 41.4 39.8 38.8 37.4 37.6 38.9 35.7 35.3 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.48 64.1 38.3 36.3 42.6 39.1 34.1 32.7 28.5 31.6 25.4 75.6 78.5 77.1 80.3 79.9 79.9 82.8 81.2 82.7 83.4 4.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 KTOE Coal Diesel oil Fuel oil Fuelwood Bagasse Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Energy Observatory Report 2016 25 " P a g e As can be seen from Figure 4.8, the main sources of energy for the household sector are LPG and electricity. LPG is used mostly for cooking and water heating. Fuel wood is still in use as cooking fuel albeit not very significant. Use of kerosene as fuel has nearly ceased since an increase in its retail price in 2006. In 2016 the consumption of electricity and LPG have both increased compared to 2015 by 2.8 % and 0.75 % respectively. The trend of the use of each fuel over the period 2006 to 2016 is shown in Figure 4.9. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.9 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Household sector, 2007 - 2016 4.6 Final energy consumption - Commercial sector Total energy consumption in the Commercial sector amounted to 97.6 ktoe in 2016 and the share of energy sources in 2016 is shown in Figure 4.10, while Figure 4.11 gives the trend of fuel consumption over the period 2007 to 2016. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.10 - Share of energy sources in the Commercial sector, 2016 55.3 56.1 58.5 61.1 62.4 64.8 67.2 69.4 71.5 73.5 45.5 45.8 46.7 47.6 48.2 49.0 50.1 51.4 53.0 53.4 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.2 5.2 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 KTOE Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel wood kerosene Charcoal Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 17.4 ktoe, 17.8% Charcoal, 0.3 ktoe, 0.3% Electricity, 79.9 ktoe, 81.9% Energy Observatory Report 2016 26 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.11 - Trend of fuel consumption in the Commercial sector, 2007 - 2016 In 2016, electricity consumption in the commercial sector increased by 1.3 % compared to 2015, indicating continued expansion in the sector. The main areas of electricity use in this sector are refrigeration, air conditioning, decorative and security lighting. 4.7 Final energy consumption - Agriculture sector Total energy consumption in the agriculture sector amounted to 4.5 ktoe in 2016 and the share of energy sources in 2016 is shown in Figure 4.12, while Figure 4.13 gives the trend of fuel consumption over the period 2007 to 2016. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.12 - Share of energy sources in Agriculture sector, 2016 0.0 ktoe 10.0 ktoe 20.0 ktoe 30.0 ktoe 40.0 ktoe 50.0 ktoe 60.0 ktoe 70.0 ktoe 80.0 ktoe 90.0 ktoe 100.0 ktoe 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 53.1 57.9 60.6 64.3 68.2 70.4 73.4 77.0 78.9 79.9 11.8 10.9 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.9 14.3 15.2 16.3 17.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 ktoe Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Charcoal Diesel oil, 2.3 ktoe, 51.1% Electricity, 2.2 ktoe, 48.9% Diesel oil Electricity Energy Observatory Report 2016 27 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.13 - Share of fuel consumption in the Agriculture sector, 2007 – 2016 It may be noted from Figure 4.13 that the fuel consumption in the sector is rather stable, in the range of 4.9 to 4.5 ktoe over the period 2007 to 2016. 4.8 Electricity consumption As shown in Table 4.3 electricity sales for 2016 amounted to 2,558.6GWh compared to 2,505.4GWh in 2015, that is an increase of 2.1 % compared to 2015. Figure 4.14 gives details on the number of different category consumers, the electricity consumption in each category and the share of consumption of each of these for year 2016. Table 4.3 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2016 Type of tariff Number of consumers Consumption GWh Consumption % 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Domestic 404,463 413,068 831.0 854.5 33.2 33.4 Commercial 41,124 41,879 915.8 927.8 36.6 36.3 Industrial (including irrigation) 6,381 6,352 720.1 735.8 28.7 28.8 Other 637 654 38.5 40.5 1.5 1.6 Total 452,605 461,953 2,505.4 2,558.6 100 100 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.2 0.0 ktoe 1.0 ktoe 2.0 ktoe 3.0 ktoe 4.0 ktoe 5.0 ktoe 6.0 ktoe 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ktoe Diesel oil Electricity Energy Observatory Report 2016 28 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.14 - Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2016 An analysis of domestic electricity consumption is given in Table 4.4, which shows an increase from 1.95 MWh in 2010 to 2.07 MWh in 2016. Table 4.4 - Analysis of domestic electricity consumption, 2009 – 2016 Domestic consumers 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Consumption (GWh) 710.7 725.3 753.0 780.8 806.3 831.0 854.5 Number of consumers 364474 372315 381096 388910 396335 404463 413068 Average consumption per consumer (MWh) 1.95 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06 2.07 Consumption growth rate % 2.7% -0.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.3% 1.0% 0.7% Average consumption per inhabitant (KWh/day) 1.56 1.59 1.64 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 413,068 854.5 33.4 % 41,879 927.8 36.3 % 6,352 735.8 28.8 % Number of consumers Consumption GWh Consumption % Domestic Commercial Industrial (including irrigation) Other Energy Observatory Report 2016 29 " P a g e 4.9 Fossil Fuel consumption Table 4.5 provides a breakdown of fossil fuels consumption by sector. Table 4.5 - Fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2016 Sector Coal Gasoline Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Total (ktoe) Electricity production 434.8 - 1.1 - 0.8 215.2 - 651.9 Manufacturing 20.6 - 35.7 - - 35.3 6.0 97.6 Commercial - - - - - - 17.4 17.4 Household - - - - 0.1 - 53.4 53.5 Transport (incl. sea) - 178.9 171.5 147.6 - 3.9 3.8 505.6 Agriculture - - 2.3 - - - - 2.3 Others - - - - - - 0.3 0.3 Total (ktoe) 455.3 178.9 210.6 147.6 0.8 259.6 80.9 1328.6 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.15 - Share of fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2016 Electricity production , 657.0 ktoe, 49.3% Manufacturing, 97.6 ktoe, 7.3% Commercial, 17.4 ktoe, 1.3% Household, 53.5 ktoe, 4.0% Transport (incl. sea), 505.6 ktoe, 37.9% Agriculture, 2.3 ktoe, 0.2% Electricity production Manufacturing Commercial Household Transport (incl. sea) Agriculture Others Energy Observatory Report 2016 30 " P a g e 5 CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO FOSSIL FUELS 5.1 Introduction The greenhouse gas effect is a natural phenomenon that captures part of the energy emitted by the Sun to the Earth. Greenhouse Gases (sometimes abbreviated GHG) have a role comparable to that of glass of a greenhouse shed. The heat from the atmosphere depends on solar radiation (constant) and the amount of radiation trapped by greenhouse gases. 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Emissions from human activities mainly concern the following six gases, covered by the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Human activity since the industrial era has led, due to the consumption of fossil energy stocks, to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions through various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions produced by human activities come mainly from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, heavy fuel oil and its derivatives (gasoline, diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) etc.), and natural gas. 5.3 Inventory of CO2 from energy sources for Republic of Mauritius in 2016 This report focuses only on CO2 emissions (excluding other greenhouse gases) during combustion of fossil fuels. The scope of emissions discussed concerns all CO2emissions due to fossil energy conversion in all sectors (electricity generation, transport, residential and manufacturing). Figure 5.1 gives the share of carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion in each sector in 2016. It may be noted that, in 2016, total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion activities amounted to 4,040.74 thousand tonnes and CO2 removals amounted to 363.30 thousand tonnes. Net CO2 emissions for 2016 was 3,711.19 thousand tonnes. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Note: CO2 removal excludes the amount of CO2 sequestrated by trees and vegetations found along rivers and canal reserves and trees along road Figure 5.1 - Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 2016 Energy industries (electricity), 2405.44 ktonne, 59.0% Manufacturing industries, 342.37 ktonne, 8.4% Transport, 1044.40 ktonne, 25.6% Other Sectors, 248.53 ktonne, 6.1% Industrial Processes, 33.75 ktonne, 0.8% Energy Observatory Report 2016 31 " P a g e 5.4 Trend of CO2 emissions Table 5.1 and Figure 5.2 show the trend in tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita and per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2000 prices). It may be observed that the amount of CO2 emitted with respect to GDP has been decreasing since 2010. This shows an increase in the energy efficiency of the local economy. Table 5.1 - CO2 emissions, 2007 -2016 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Net CO2 emissions (ktonnes) 3106.1 3209.0 3177.9 3414.9 3376.7 3490.0 3573.6 3696.3 3685.4 3711.2 tCO2 emissions per capita 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 tCO2 per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2006 prices) 1.32 1.29 1.24 1.28 1.21 1.21 1.20 1.20 1.15 1.12 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 5.2 - Trend of CO2 emissions, 2007 – 2016 5.5 CO2 emissions for electricity generation In 2016, the total CO2 emissions from electricity generation amounted to 2,405.44 thousand tonnes representing an increase of 0.5 % compared to 2015. The Grid Emission Factor for year 2016 was 945.9 gCO2/kWh (Data source: Central Electricity Board). 5.6 CO2 emission in the transport sector (inclusive of aviation) In 2016 emissions have reached 1,044.40 thousand tonnes of CO2 representing an increase of 1.6 % compared to 2015. 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 CO 2 EMISSIONS tCO2 emissions per capita tCO2 per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2006 prices) Energy Observatory Report 2016 32 " P a g e 6 KEY FIGURES Indicator Unit 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total primary energy requirement ktoe 1381.8 1404.4 1346.9 1430.7 1426.9 1427.6 1454.8 1491.7 1534.4 1555.3 Imported ktoe 1136.0 1140.9 1110.6 1189.0 1195.7 1205.3 1235.4 1279.4 1283.2 1328.5 Local ktoe 245.8 263.5 236.3 241.6 231.1 222.3 219.4 212.3 251.3 226.8 Annual increase (Primary Energy) % 0.4 1.6 -4.1 6.2 -0.3 0.1 1.9 2.5 2.9 1.4 Import Dependency % 82.2 81.2 82.5 83.1 83.8 84.4 84.9 85.8 83.6 85.4 GDP in 2006 rupees Rs M 235634 248328 256560 267790 278709 288453 298146 309311 320301 332600 Population 1239630 1244121 1247429 1250400 1252404 1255882 1258653 1260934 1262605 1263473 Energy intensity toe per Rs 100000 GDP at 2006 prices 0.59 0.57 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.47 Per capita primary energy requirement toe 1.11 1.13 1.08 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.22 1.23 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Energy Observatory Report 2016 33 " P a g e 7 SUMMARY TABLE 2015 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 230.1 1.8 6.5 10.5 2.2 0.2 251.3 Imported Resources 498.6 167.1 321.9 279.6 2.6 427.3 78.3 1775.4 Re-exports and bunkering -117.1 -147.5 -160.2 -424.8 Stocks (+ destocking; - stocking) -51.7 -4.1 4.8 -7.7 -1.7 -8.0 1.0 -67.3 TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 446.9 163.0 209.6 124.3 0.9 259.2 79.2 0.0 230.1 1.8 6.5 0.0 10.5 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1534.4 % Energy independence (LP/PE) 16.4 Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -424.3 101.6 -322.7 HFO and diesel input for electricity production -1.1 -220.4 97.3 -124.2 Bagasse input for electricity production -198.4 43.8 -154.6 Kerosene input for electricity production -0.8 0.2 -0.6 Biogas input for electricity production -1.8 1.8 0.0 Hydro input for electricity production -10.5 10.5 0.0 PV input for electricity production PV -2.2 2.2 0.0 Wind input for electricity production -0.2 0.2 0.0 Electricity production own use -3.8 -3.8 Solar Thermal heat production 0.0 Fuelwood to charcoal -0.8 0.4 -0.4 TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -424.3 0.0 -1.1 0.0 -0.8 -220.4 0.0 0.0 -198.4 -1.8 -0.8 0.4 -10.5 -2.2 0.0 -0.2 253.8 0.0 -606.3 Energy Distribution Final distribution (D=PE+SS) 22.6 163.0 208.5 124.3 0.1 38.8 79.2 0.0 31.6 0.0 5.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 253.8 0.0 928.1 Losses (L=(D+F)) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -15.3 0.0 -15.3 TOTAL final distribution (D+L) 22.6 163.0 208.5 124.3 0.1 38.8 79.2 0.0 31.6 0.0 5.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 238.5 0.0 912.9 912.9 Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -22.6 -37.0 -35.7 -6.1 -31.6 -0.5 -82.7 -216.2 Commercial -16.3 -0.3 -78.9 -95.5 Household -0.1 -53.0 -5.2 -0.1 -71.5 -129.9 Transport -163.0 -169.2 -124.3 -3.1 -3.4 0.0 -463.1 Agriculture -2.3 -1.9 -4.2 Others -0.3 -3.6 -3.9 TOTAL (F) -22.6 -163.0 -208.5 -124.3 -0.1 -38.8 -79.2 0.0 -31.6 0.0 -5.7 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -238.5 0.0 -912.9 Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar Energy Observatory Report 2016 34 " P a g e 8 SUMMARY TABLE 2016 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 206.076 1.608 6.416 8.557 2.606 1.544 226.8 Imported Resources 573.8 182.3 342.5 296.4 2.2 470.1 180.4 2047.8 Re-exports and bunkering -121.1 -147.3 -208.3 -89.3 -566.0 Stocks (+ destocking; - stocking) -118.5 -3.4 -10.9 -1.6 -1.4 -7.4 -10.1 -153.3 TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 455.339 178.931 210.460 147.592 0.832 254.448 80.903 0.000 206.076 1.608 6.416 0.000 8.557 2.606 0.000 1.544 0.000 0.000 1555.3 % Energy independence (LP/PE) 14.6 Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -434.8 108.9 -325.8 HFO and diesel input for electricity production -1.0 -215.2 95.4 -120.8 Bagasse input for electricity production -180.7 42.7 -138.0 Kerosene input for electricity production -0.8 0.2 -0.6 Biogas input for electricity production -1.6 1.6 0.0 Hydro input for electricity production -8.6 8.6 0.0 PV input for electricity production PV -2.6 2.6 0.0 Wind input for electricity production -1.5 1.5 0.0 Electricity production own use -3.8 -3.8 Solar Thermal heat production 0.0 Fuelwood to charcoal -0.8 0.4 -0.4 TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -434.8 0.0 -1.0 0.0 -0.8 -215.2 0.0 0.0 -180.7 -1.6 -0.8 0.4 -8.6 -2.6 0.0 -1.5 257.8 0.0 -589.4 Energy Distribution Final distribution (D=PE+SS) 20.6 178.9 209.4 147.6 0.1 39.2 80.9 0.0 25.3 0.0 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 257.8 0.0 965.9 Losses (L=(D+F)) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -14.8 0.0 -14.8 TOTAL final distribution (D+L) 20.6 178.9 209.4 147.6 0.1 39.2 80.9 0.0 25.3 0.0 5.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 243.0 0.0 951.1 951.1 Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -20.6 -35.7 -35.3 -6.0 -25.3 -0.5 -83.4 -206.8 Commercial -17.4 -0.3 -79.9 -97.6 Household -0.1 -53.4 -5.2 -0.1 -73.5 -132.2 Transport -178.9 -171.5 -147.6 -3.9 -3.8 0.0 -505.6 Agriculture -2.3 -2.2 -4.5 Others -0.3 -4.0 -4.3 TOTAL (F) -20.6 -178.9 -209.4 -147.6 -0.1 -39.2 -80.9 0.0 -25.3 0.0 -5.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -243.0 0.0 -951.1 Petroleum products Biomass Solar Energy Observatory Report 2016 35 " P a g e 9 GROWTH PERCENTAGE (%) IN 2016 COMPARED TO 2015 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) -10.4 % -8.2 % -1.4 % -18.4 % 17.1 % 568.4 % -9.7 % Imported Resources 15.1 % 9.1 % 6.4 % 6.0 % -14.8 % 10.0 % 130.5 % 15.3 % TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 1.9 % 9.7 % 0.4 % 18.7 % -8.3 % -1.8 % 2.1 % -10.4 % -8.2 % -1.4 % -18.4 % 17.1 % 568.4 % 1.4 % Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production 2.5 % 1.0 % HFO and diesel input for electricity production -5.5 % -2.3 % -2.7 % Bagasse input for electricity production -8.9 % -10.8 % Kerosene input for electricity production -1.7 % -3.6 % Biogas input for electricity production -8.2 % Hydro input for electricity production -18.4 % PV input for electricity production PV 17.1 % Wind input for electricity production 568.4 % Electricity production own use 0.0 % Solar Thermal heat production Fuelwood to charcoal -6.0 % -6.2 % -5.9 % TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) 2.5 % -5.5 % -1.7 % -2.3 % -8.9 % -8.2 % -6.0 % -6.2 % -18.4 % 17.1 % 568.4 % 1.6 % -2.8 % Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -8.9 % -3.5 % -1.1 % -1.3 % -19.8 % -3.0 % 0.8 % -4.3 % Commercial 6.5 % -6.6 % 1.3 % 2.2 % Household -45.6 % 0.7 % -0.5 % -4.1 % 2.8 % 1.8 % Transport 9.7 % 1.4 % 18.7 % 24.4 % 9.1 % 9.2 % Agriculture -1.7 % 17.1 % 6.7 % Others 2.3 % 11.5 % 10.8 % TOTAL (F) -8.9 % 9.7 % 0.5 % 18.7 % -45.6 % 0.9 % 2.1 % -19.8 % -0.7 % -6.2 % 1.9 % 4.2 % Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar Energy Observatory Report 2016 36 " P a g e 10 ENERGY PATTERN 2016 Total Primary Energy Requirement Total final Energy Consumption 1555.3 ktoe 951.0 ktoe Renewables 226.8 ktoe RE 226.8 ktoe 14.6 % Wind 1.5 ktoe RE 45.3 ktoe RE 31.0 ktoe 708.1 ktoe -123.4 ktoe Manufacturing Hydro 8.6 ktoe -17.7 ktoe Commercial Photovoltaic 2.6 ktoe -58.7 ktoe Household Bagasse 206.1 ktoe RE 14.3 ktoe -505.6 ktoe Transport Fuelwood 6.4 ktoe -2.3 ktoe Agriculture Landfill gas 1.6 ktoe -0.3 ktoe Others RE 181.5 ktoe 0.4 ktoe Re-Exports, Bunkering + Stock change -719.3 ktoe Fossil 676.7 ktoe 180.4 ktoe LPG 80.9 ktoe 257.8 ktoe 182.3 ktoe Gasolene 178.9 ktoe 243.5 ktoe 243.0 ktoe 296.4 ktoe Aviation Fuel 147.6 ktoe -83.4 ktoe Manufacturing 2.2 ktoe Kerosene 0.8 ktoe -79.9 ktoe Commercial 342.5 ktoe Diesel 210.5 ktoe 247.7 ktoe 247.3 ktoe -73.5 ktoe Household 470.1 ktoe HFO 254.4 ktoe Own use 0.0 ktoe Transport 573.8 ktoe Coal 455.3 ktoe Fossil 651.8 ktoe Total Primary fuel input for transformation -3.8 ktoe Distribution losses -2.2 ktoe Agriculture 833.3 ktoe -14.8 ktoe -4.0 ktoe Others Fossil fuel Imports Fossil 2047.8 ktoe 1328.5 ktoe Transformational losses 85.4 % -585.6 ktoe Energy Observatory Report 2016 37 " P a g e 11 TABLE OF INDICATORS Item Indicators Unit 2015 2016 % change Primary Energy Consumption Primary Energy Consumption ktoe 1534.4 1555.3 1.4 Share of local resources: local primary consumption/total primary consumption % 16.4 14.6 -10.9 Energy intensity Energy intensity per inhabitant: Primary energy Consumption/population toe/inhab 1.22 1.23 8.2 Energy intensity per 100,000 (2006 Rs): Primary Energy Consumption/GDP toe/Rs 0.48 0.47 -2.1 Electricity Production Total fossil fuel input for electricity production ktoe 646.7 651.8 0.8 Total renewable input for electricity production ktoe 198.4 180.7 -8.9 Total electricity production GWh 2995.6 3042.2 1.6 Penetration of renewable resources % 22.7 21.8 -4.0 Final electricity consumption per sector Total electricity sold GWh 2505.4 2558.6 2.1 Domestic sector % 33.2 33.4 0.6 Commercial sector % 36.6 36.3 -0.8 Industrial sector % 28.7 28.8 0.3 Electricity consumption per consumer (Domestic)1 GWh/consumer 2.05 2.07 0.7 Electricity consumption per consumer (Commercial) GWh/consumer 22.27 22.15 -0.5 Electricity consumption per consumer (Industrial) GWh/consumer 112.85 115.84 2.6 Final energy consumption in transport sector Total energy consumption (transport) ktoe 463.1 505.6 9.2 CO2 Emissions Total CO2 emissions ktCO2 4054.1 4074.5 0.5 Net CO2 emissions ktCO2 3685.4 3711.2 0.7 Energy sector % 59.13 59.04 -0.2 Manufacturing sector % 8.83 8.40 -4.9 Transport sector % 25.23 25.63 1.6 Others % 6.01 6.10 1.5 CO2 emissions per kWh of electricity generated (Grid emission factor)2 gCO2/kWh 909.7 945.9 4.0 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 1 Domestic sector in this document includes CEB residential consumers, charitable and religious institutions. 2 Source: Central Electricity Board Energy Observatory Report 2016 38 " P a g e GLOSSARY Aviation fuel: A kerosene type meeting the required properties for use in jet engines and aircraft-turbine engines. Bagasse: Cellulosic residue left after sugar is extracted from sugar cane. Capacity: The maximum power available from a power station at a point in time: - Installed capacity: The nameplate capacity of the generator set. - Plant capacity: The net capacity measured at the terminals of the stations, i.e., after deduction of the power absorbed by the auxiliary installations and the losses in the station transformers. - Effective capacity: It is the plant capacity less any amount of derated capacity from the installed capacity. Charcoal: Comprises the solid residue obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in the absence of air. CPP (Continuous Power Producers) Entities which, in addition to their main activities, themselves produce (individually or in combination) electric energy intended, in whole or in part, to meet their own needs from bagasse only and the surplus for sale to the CEB only during the cane harvest period. Coal: Fossil fuel that has a high degree of coalification, with a gross calorific value over24MJ/kg (5700 Kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. Diesel Oil: Consists primarily of medium oil distilling between 1800 C and 3800 C. Electric energy dependence: The ratio of electricity generation from fossil fuels and electricity generation total. Electric dependency ratio: Ratio between electricity production from fossil fuels and the total electricity production. Energy: Capacity for doing work or for producing heat. Producing heat is a common manifestation of 'doing work' as are producing light and motive force. Energy intensity A measure of the energy efficiency of the economy of the country. Provides a measure of the efficiency with which energy is being used in production. A lower ratio usually reflects a more efficient use of energy. Energy unit: The International System of Units (SI unit) of energy is the Joule. Final energy: Energy that is supplied to consumers (electricity, petrol, diesel, natural gas, fuel oil, heating oil). Energy Observatory Report 2016 39 " P a g e Final Energy Consumption: Energy consumption by final user- i.e. energy which is not being used for transformation into other forms of energy. The consumption by sector is presented as follows: Agriculture: Energy used for irrigation and by other agricultural equipments; Commercial & distributive trade: Energy consumed by the business and commercial sector; Residential: Consumption of energy by residential sector; Manufacturing: Consumption in industry and construction; and Transport: Includes consumption by land vehicles, ships and local aircrafts. Fossils fuels: Formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Fuels: Term used to describe energy sources that must be subjected to combustion in order to release the energy stored up inside them. Fuel wood: All forms of woody material. Fuel Oils: Heavy oils from the refining process of crude oil and used as fuel in power stations. It is also commonly used by ships and industrial large-scale heating boilers installations as a fuel in furnaces or boilers in the manufacturing sector. Gasoline: A mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, which have been blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The aggregate money value of all goods and services produced within a country out of economic activity during a specified period, usually a year, before provision for the consumption of fixed capital. Gigawatt hour (GWh): Unit of electrical energy, equal to 3.6 terajoules (TJ). Hybrid vehicle: A vehicle that uses different types of energy for power. This vehicle has usually two types of engines: internal combustion engine and electric motor. IPP (Independent Power Producers): Entities which, in addition to their main activities, themselves produce(individually or in combination) electric energy intended, in whole or in part, to meet their own needs and for sale to the CEB throughout the year from bagasse during the cane harvest period and coal outside this period. Kerosene (excl. Aviation fuel type): A medium oil distilling between 1500 C and 3000 C and which is used in sectors other than aircraft transport. Kilowatt (kW): Unit of electrical power equal to 1 000 watts Kilowatt hour (kWh): Energy Observatory Report 2016 40 " P a g e Unit of electrical energy equal to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for one hour (3 600 s) or 3 600 000 joules. Liquefied petroleum Gas (LPG): Consists mainly of propane or butane, derived from either petroleum refining process or extracted from petroleum streams. It is normally liquefied under pressure for transportation and storage. In Mauritius it is often used to power cooking stoves or gas water heaters and to fuel some types of vehicle. Losses (transmission / distribution losses): Comprise losses in transmission and distribution of electric energy and losses in transformers, which are not considered as integral parts of the power stations. Own use (Station use and loss): Included are consumption by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers, which are considered as integral parts of the power stations. Peak demand: Term used in energy demand management describing a period in which electrical power is expected to be provided for a sustained period at a significantly higher than the average supply level. Peak demand fluctuations may occur on daily, monthly seasonal and yearly cycles. Petroleum products: The primary source of petroleum products is crude oil. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth. Diesel oil, fuel oils, Gasoline, Kerosene and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are among the major products derived from crude oil distillation. Primary energy: Primary energy designates energy from sources that involve only extraction or capture. Primary energy is not derived from any other forms of energy. By convention, sources of energy that occur naturally such as coal, heavy fuel oil, fuel wood are termed primary energy. Primary energy consumption: The final energy consumption in which is included the losses and consumption of producers and transformers of energy. Production: Comprises gross production, i.e., the amount of electric energy produced, including that consumed by station auxiliaries and any losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the power station. Renewable energy or Renewables; Natural resources that, after exploitation, can return to their previous stock levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment. Secondary energy: Designates energy from all sources of energy that results from transformation of primary sources. e.g. electricity from coal. Solar Thermal Solar energy harnessed in the form of thermal energy Thermal plants: Energy Observatory Report 2016 41 " P a g e Comprises of conventional thermal plants of all types that require combustion of fuels to generate electricity. They include steam-operated generating plants and plants using internal combustion engines or gas turbines. Thermal sources of electricity: These include coal, oil and its derivatives and bagasse. Tonne The tonne (SI symbol: t) is a metric system unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. Tonne of oil equivalent (toe): Amount of heat obtained by the perfect combustion one tonne of oil, defined as 41.868 gigajoules. Watt (W): The conventional unit to measure a rate of conversion of energy. One watt equals to 1Joule per second. Energy Observatory Report 2016 42 " P a g e Energy conversion factors tonne toe Gasoline 1 1.08 Diesel Oil 1 1.01 Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) 1 1.04 Fuel Oil 1 0.96 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) 1 1.08 Coal 1 0.62 Bagasse 1 0.16 Fuelwood 1 0.38 Charcoal 1 0.74 GWh ktoe Hydro/Wind/Bagasse 1 0.086 Electricity 1 0.086 1 toe = 0.041868 terajoule (TJ) (net calorific value)