Energy Observatory Report 2015.

ENERGY OBSERVATORY REPORT 2015 12/2017 i TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. iv 1 ENERGY SUPPLY .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Imports....................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Primary energy requirement ..................................................................................................3 1.4 Production of Primary energy – Local Renewable Sources ....................................................4 1.4.1 Hydro electricity..............................................................................................................5 1.4.2 Bagasse............................................................................................................................5 1.4.3 Photovoltaics (PV)...........................................................................................................6 1.4.4 Electricity from Wind energy ..........................................................................................7 1.4.5 Electricity from Landfill gas.............................................................................................7 1.4.6 Electricity from biogas ....................................................................................................7 1.4.7 Solar Thermal – Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in Mauritius..............................................7 1.5 Primary energy requirement ..................................................................................................8 1.6 Petroleum products ................................................................................................................9 1.7 Primary energy re-export......................................................................................................10 1.8 Stock variation ......................................................................................................................10 1.9 Energy dependency rate.......................................................................................................10 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION CAPACITY........................................................................................... 11 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 13 4 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION..................................................................................................... 17 4.1 General..................................................................................................................................17 4.2 Final Energy consumption - Transport sector.......................................................................17 4.3 Vehicle fleet ..........................................................................................................................19 4.4 Final energy consumption - Manufacturing sector...............................................................21 4.5 Final energy consumption - Household sector .....................................................................22 4.6 Final energy consumption - Commercial sector ...................................................................23 4.7 Final energy consumption - Agriculture sector.....................................................................24 4.8 Electricity consumption ........................................................................................................25 4.9 Fossil Fuel consumption........................................................................................................27 5 CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO FOSSIL FUELS.......................................................................................... 28 5.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................28 ii 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions...................................................................................................28 5.3 Inventory of CO2 from energy sources for Island of Mauritius in 2015................................28 5.4 CO2 emissions due to fossil fuels...........................................................................................29 5.5 CO2 emissions for electricity generation...............................................................................30 5.6 CO2 emission in the transport sector (inclusive of aviation).................................................30 6 KEY FIGURES.................................................................................................................................. 31 7 SUMMARY TABLE 2015................................................................................................................. 32 8 SUMMARY TABLE 2014................................................................................................................. 33 9 GROWTH PERCENTAGE (%) IN 2015 COMPARED TO 2014........................................................... 34 10 ENERGY PATTERN 2015............................................................................................................. 35 11 TABLE OF INDICATORS.............................................................................................................. 36 GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................. 37 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 - Imports of energy sources ....................................................................................................1 Table 1.2 - Primary energy requirement 2014 – 2015............................................................................3 Table 1.3 - Primary energy supply in 2015 – Local resources.................................................................4 Table 1.4 - Ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse, 2006 - 2015.........................................6 Table 1.5 - Electricity produced from biogas at St Martin Treatment plant...........................................7 Table 1.6 - Import of petroleum products, 2006 - 2015.........................................................................9 Table 1.7 - Primary energy re-export....................................................................................................10 Table 1.8 - Variation in stock year.........................................................................................................10 Table 1.9 - Energy Dependency Rate, 2006 - 2015...............................................................................10 Table 2.1 - Capacity of power plants in 2015........................................................................................11 Table 3.1 - Conversion efficiency of power plants................................................................................13 Table 3.2 - Summary of electricity production, 2006 – 2015 ...............................................................16 Table 4.1: Fuel consumption in the Transport sector in 2015..............................................................17 Table 4.2 : New and second hand imported car registration ...............................................................20 Table 4.3 : Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2015.................................................25 Table 4.4 : Analysis of domestic electricity consumption, 2009 – 2015...............................................26 Table 4.5 : Fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2015.............................................................................27 Table 5.1 : CO2 emissions, 2006 -2015..................................................................................................29 iv TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 - Fossil energy imports 2015..................................................................................................1 Figure 1.2 - Trend of fossil fuel imports..................................................................................................2 Figure 1.3 - Primary energy requirement (ktoe).....................................................................................3 Figure 1.4 - Trend of Primary energy from Local Resources, 2006 – 2015.............................................4 Figure 1.5 - Trend of hydro-electric generation, 2006 to 2015 ..............................................................5 Figure 1.6 - Trend of electricity generation from bagasse, 2006 to 2015 ..............................................6 Figure 1.7 - Primary energy requirement, 2006 - 2015 ..........................................................................8 Figure 2.1 - Trend of effective power plant capacity, 2008 – 2015......................................................12 Figure 3.1 - Trend of electricity production, 2006 - 2015.....................................................................13 Figure 3.2 - Share of electricity production by fuel type ......................................................................14 Figure 3.3 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Mauritius), 2010 – 2015.............................................14 Figure 3.4 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues), 2014 - 2015 .............................................15 Figure 3.5 - Electricity demand (MW) trend, January 2008 to Dec 2015 .............................................15 Figure 4.1 : Final energy consumption by sector, 2006– 2015.............................................................17 Figure 4.2 : Fuel consumption share in sub-sectors of the Transport sector in 2015 ..........................18 Figure 4.3 : Trend of Fuel Consumption in sub-sectors of Transport sector 2006 – 2015 ...................18 Figure 4.4 : Trend of Fuel Consumption in Road Transport, 2006 - 2015.............................................19 Figure 4.5 : Vehicle fleet by type of fuel...............................................................................................19 Figure 4.6: Share of energy sources, Manufacturing Sector, 2015.......................................................21 Figure 4.7 : Trend of fuel consumption in the Manufacturing Sector, 2006 – 2015 ............................21 Figure 4.8 : Share of energy sources, Household sector, 2015.............................................................22 Figure 4.9: Trend of fuel consumption in the Household sector, 2006 - 2015.....................................22 Figure 4.10: Share of energy sources in the Commercial sector, 2015 ................................................23 Figure 4.11 : Trend of fuel consumption in the Commercial sector, 2006 - 2015................................23 Figure 4.12 : Share of energy sources in Agriculture sector, 2015.......................................................24 Figure 4.13 : Share of fuel consumption in the Agriculture sector, 2006 – 2015.................................24 Figure 4.14 : Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2015 .............................................25 Figure 4.15 : Share of fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2015............................................................27 Figure 5.1 : Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 2015..............................29 Figure 5.2 : Trend of CO2 emissions, 2012 – 2015 ................................................................................30 v Disclaimer: The purpose of this energy observatory report is to give an indication on the annual energy use in the country. This report has been compiled using data from the Central Electricity Board, National Transport Authority and Statistics Mauritius. Neither the Energy Efficiency Management Office, nor any of its employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information in this report. Note: All data in this document refer to the Republic of Mauritius, unless otherwise specified and may be subject to revision in subsequent issues. The figures for Republic of Mauritius include those for the Island of Mauritius and the Island of Rodrigues. Rounding of error may be present on certain totals. Energy Observatory Report 2015 1 " P a g e 1 ENERGY SUPPLY 1.1 Introduction The energy supply of Mauritius is divided into: - Imports of primary energy (Fossil fuels: Heavy Fuel Oil. Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Gasolene, Diesel, Kerosene, Aviation fuel, Coal) - Production of primary energy (Local resources: Bagasse, hydro, wind, landfill gas, fuelwood, photovoltaic) - Primary energy re-exports - Variation of stocks 1.2 Imports The imports of energy sources in 2015 totalled 1775.4 ktoe, as shown in Table 1.1 Fossil Energy Imports 2015 ktonne ktoe Coal 804.2 498.6 Gasolene 154.7 167.1 Diesel oil 318.7 321.9 Aviation fuel 268.8 279.6 kerosene 2.5 2.6 Fuel oil 445.1 427.3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 72.5 78.3 TOTAL 2066.5 1775.4 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 1.1 - Imports of energy sources The distribution of the imports of energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 - Fossil energy imports 2015 Coal 38.9% Gasolene 7.5% Diesel oil 15.4% Aviation fuel 13.0% kerosene 0.1% Fuel oil 21.5% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 3.5% Energy Observatory Report 2015 2 " P a g e Petroleum products are intended mostly for the sectors of transport, electricity generation, manufacturing and to a minor level in the household (kerosene), commercial and agriculture sectors, while coal is used primarily for power generation from thermal coal/bagasse power plants with a small fraction being used in the manufacturing sector. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used mainly as cooking and water heating fuel, to a lesser extent as fuel for vehicles. Fig 1.2 shows the trend of fossil fuel import for the period 2005-2015. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.2 - Trend of fossil fuel imports In 2015, imports of fossil fuels increased by 7.6 % compared to 2014. The total import bill of energy sources for 2015 amounted to Rs 23,152.454 M compared to Rs 31, 146.106 M in 2014 representing a decrease of 25.7 %. Petroleum products (Gasolene, Diesel Oil, Dual purpose kerosene, Fuel Oil and LPG) imports amounted to Rs 21,251.223 M, while import value for coal was Rs 1, 900.231 M. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 304.0 401.6 376.0 347.1 409.6 409.3 452.2 439.2 478.5 498.6 96.0 104.1 117.2 112.8 130.6 126.0 138.4 149.3 148.9 167.1 330.8 310.6 331.7 290.9 313.5 313.0 316.9 339.5 306.7 321.9 245.4 273.1 272.7 212.9 244.2 235.4 221.5 250.7 241.3 279.6 6.3 3.9 6.1 4.3 7.0 4.5 7.3 3.0 2.3 2.6 292.2 320.6 279.4 330.0 327.8 417.4 385.2 411.9 390.2 427.3 63.5 67.8 68.2 67.6 67.7 71.6 73.3 73.7 81.6 78.3 KTOE YEAR Coal Gasolene Diesel oil Aviation fuel kerosene Fuel oil Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Energy Observatory Report 2015 3 " P a g e 1.3 Primary energy requirement The primary energy requirements are met from imported sources and from local renewable sources as shown in Table 1.2. Primary Energy Requirement (ktoe) 2014 2015 % change Imported fuels Coal 460.3 446.9 -2.9 % Gasoline 151.7 163.0 7.4 % Diesel Oil 208.0 209.6 0.7 % Aviation Fuel 126.8 124.3 -2.0 % Kerosene 0.9 0.9 4.6 % Fuel Oil 254.8 259.2 1.7 % LPG 76.7 79.2 3.2 % Sub Total 1279.4 1283.2 0.3 % Local resources Bagasse 193.4 230.1 19.0 % Fuelwood 6.9 6.5 -6.3 % Photovoltaic 2.1 2.2 5.3 % Landfill gas 1.8 1.8 -4.5 % Hydro 7.8 10.5 34.3 % Wind 0.3 0.2 -15.6 % Sub Total 212.3 251.3 18.3 % TOTAL 1491.7 1534.4 2.9 % Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 1.2 - Primary energy requirement 2014 – 2015 In 2015, primary energy requirement from fossil fuels amounted to 1534.4 ktoe representing an increase of 2.9 % compared to 2014. Figure 1.3 shows the share of fuel source in the primary energy requirement for year 2015 in ktoe. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.3 - Primary energy requirement (ktoe) Coal 29.1% Gasoline 10.6% Diesel Oil 13.7% Aviation Fuel 8.1% Kerosene 0.1% Fuel Oil 16.9% LPG 5.2% Bagasse 15.0% Fuelwood 0.4% Photovoltaic 0.1% Landfill gas 0.1% Hydro 0.7% Wind 0.0% Other 1.4% Energy Observatory Report 2015 4 " P a g e 1.4 Production of Primary energy – Local Renewable Sources Examples of renewable energy sources are wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal, hydro energy including energy derived from biomass, landfill gas, sewage gas, and biogas. In Mauritius, the main sources of renewable energy exploited are biomass, in the form of bagasse, hydro, PV, wind and fuel wood. A total of 251.3 ktoe of local resources was tapped in 2015, as shown in Table 1.3 Local Resources ktonne GWh Ktoe Bagasse 1437.9 230.1 Fuelwood 17.1 6.5 Photovoltaic 25.9 2.2 Landfill gas 20.4 1.8 Hydro 121.9 10.5 Wind 2.7 0.2 Total 1455.0 170.9 251.3 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 1.3 - Primary energy supply in 2015 – Local resources In 2015, primary energy from local resources increased by 18.3 %, compared to 2014. Bagasse is the main source of primary energy from local resources. Photovoltaic (PV), mostly due to the Small Scale Distributed Generation (SSDG) scheme implemented by the CEB which allows Small Independent Power Producers (SIPP) to feed electricity generated through PV plants installed on their premises to the CEB grid, provided 2.2 ktoe of electricity in 2015. Figure 1.4 shows the trend of primary energy obtained from local resources from 2006 to 2015: Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.4 - Trend of Primary energy from Local Resources, 2006 – 2015 240.0 230.5 246.4 218.0 225.0 218.1 206.5 201.7 193.4 230.1 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5 6.6 7.2 9.3 10.5 8.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 7.8 10.5 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ktoe Year Bagasse Fuelwood Landfill Gas Photovoltaic Hydro Wind (Rodrigues Island) Energy Observatory Report 2015 5 " P a g e 1.4.1 Hydro electricity Hydroelectricity is the production of electricity from the potential energy of falling water. There were ten plants in operation as at December 2015 across the Island of Mauritius. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.5 - Trend of hydro-electric generation, 2006 to 2015 Hydroelectric power generation accounted for 4.1 % of electricity produced in 2015. Fluctuations in hydroelectric power generation tend to follow annual rainfall levels as shown in Figure 1.5. In 2011, the discrepancy between hydroelectric power generation and rainfall level can be attributed to the water shortage that affected the island of Mauritius where water, that otherwise, would have been used for hydroelectric power generation had to be diverted for use in other sectors. 1.4.2 Bagasse Bagasse is the fibrous residue of sugar cane used by sugar factories for heat production to meet their own requirements. Surplus of bagasse is converted into electricity by thermal power plants found mostly on sugar estates. Figure 1.6 gives the bagasse input for electricity generation and the amount so generated over the period 2006 to 2015. In 2015, 1437.9 ktonnes of bagasse was produced out of which 1240.3 ktonnes was used for electricity generation. 1914 1946 2381 2383 1806 1948 1621 2126 2094 2377 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 mm GWh Hydro power generated (GWh) Mean rainfall whole island (mm) Energy Observatory Report 2015 6 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.6 - Trend of electricity generation from bagasse, 2006 to 2015 Table 1.4 shows the ratio of electricity produced per ton of bagasse over the period 2006 to 2015. The ratio varies in the range of 0.41 MWh/tonne to 0.45 MWh/tonne. In 2015, the ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse was 0.411. Also 17.0 % of electricity production was from bagasse representing an increase of 11.7 % compared to 2014. Table 1.4 - Ratio of electricity produced per tonne of bagasse, 2006 - 2015 1.4.3 Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaics is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors. PV installations are generally used as source of electricity in remote areas where access to the CEB network was not accessible or the cost of extension of the existing network is too high. The main applications were in private hunting ground or domains. Another use of PV is for solar powered street lighting. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Ratio electricity produced to bagasse input (MWh/tonne) 0.430 0.450 0.374 0.427 0.416 0.435 0.437 0.448 0.443 0.411 1036.6 1040.3 1300.9 1135.6 1140.4 1119.0 1077.8 1056.1 1030.6 1240.3 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ktonne GWh Electricity (GWh) Bagasse input (ktonne) Energy Observatory Report 2015 7 " P a g e The electricity generation from photovoltaic panels was 25.7 GWh in 2015 compared to 24.5 GWh in 2014. A notable increase arising mainly from the coming into operation of small and medium scale PV plants installed by CEB customers. 1.4.4 Electricity from Wind energy Wind energy comes from the movement of air across the atmosphere of the Earth. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to generate electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or sails to propel ships. It may be noted 2.8 GWh of electricity was produced from wind energy in Rodrigues Island in 2015. Two large wind power projects are in the pipeline for Mauritius. This comprises a 29.4 MW plant by Consortium Suzlon-Padgreen Co Ltd and a 9MW plant by Eole Plaines des Roches Ltd for which Power Purchase Agreements were signed in August 2012 and July 2013 respectively. 1.4.5 Electricity from Landfill gas Landfill gas is a gas, constituted of mostly methane, produced by the fermentation of organic waste in landfills in the absence of oxygen. 20.4 GWh of electricity was produced from landfill gas in Mauritius in 2015. 1.4.6 Electricity from biogas Data on biogas from sludge digester used to partially meet the electricity requirements of the St Martin wastewater treatment plant is provided in Table 1.5. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Electricity generated (kWh) 1,093,335 1,140,138 1,185,523 1,145,557 965,616 950,773 644,031 Data source: Wastewater Management Authority Table 1.5 - Electricity produced from biogas at St Martin Treatment plant 1.4.7 Solar Thermal – Solar Water Heaters (SWH) in Mauritius By the end of 2015, it was estimated that there were at least 96, 922 solar water heaters installed, used mainly for the purpose of water heating for bathing in households. This figure has been calculated taking into account the figure of 41 842 SWH provided by the Housing and Population Census 2011 and to the total number of solar water heaters subsidised during the MID Fund schemes 2, 3 and 4 which amounted to 52, 422 SWH. An allowance has been included for SWH beyond economical repairs and those purchased without subsidy. A few additional SWH may have also been installed since 2011 outside the MIDF, without subsidies. It is to be noted that large scale solar water heater are used in other sectors of the economy such as the tourism sector and manufacturing sector to preheat water for swimming pools and boilers. Figures for these sectors are, however, currently not available. Energy Observatory Report 2015 8 " P a g e In the case that these solar water heaters have displaced only electric water heaters, in the ratio of 1 : 5, the avoided electric energy is estimated at 7.9 GWh and the avoided LPG mass is estimated at 10, 736 tonnes. The avoided CO2 emissions, using the grid emission factor for year 2015, and assuming 1.51 kg of CO2 per kilogram of LPG, would be 17, 922.6 tCO2. 1.5 Primary energy requirement The evolution of primary energy consumption over the period 2006 to 2015 is shown in Figure 1.7. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 1.7 - Primary energy requirement, 2006 - 2015 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Wind 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 Hydro 6.6 7.2 9.3 10.5 8.7 4.9 6.4 8.2 7.8 10.5 Photovoltaic 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 2.1 2.2 LPG 69.0 68.9 67.9 68.9 70.2 71.1 72.7 74.9 76.7 79.2 Fuel oil 273.3 251.9 213.3 227.9 232.2 248.1 245.4 248.5 254.8 259.2 kerosene 6.0 2.4 4.0 6.7 8.0 4.3 3.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 Aviation fuel 146.7 143.6 136.9 110.5 123.3 134.3 115.0 120.7 126.8 124.3 Diesel oil 230.6 207.4 205.4 206.7 213.6 210.1 213.4 207.0 208.0 209.6 Gasoline 96.2 106.9 109.5 120.6 127.7 130.0 136.6 142.7 151.7 163.0 Coal 300.4 355.0 403.9 369.3 414.1 397.7 418.4 440.6 460.3 446.9 Landfill gas 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 Fuelwood 8.0 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.5 Bagasse 240.0 230.5 246.4 218.0 225.0 218.1 206.5 201.7 193.4 230.1 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1800.0 ktoe Energy Observatory Report 2015 9 " P a g e 1.6 Petroleum products The State Trading Corporation (STC) is responsible for the importation of all the country's requirements of petroleum products. These include the demands for the running of public transport, industrial and commercial activities, private motor vehicles, the needs of the Central Electricity Board in fuel oils for its power plants, the needs for aircraft refuelling at the SSR International Airport and the needs of bunker fuels for international shipping. Table 1.6 shows the imports of petroleum products over the period 2006 to 2015. It may be noted that annual demand in Petroleum Products to meet domestic and international demand decreased by 8.1 % from 1,262,300 tonnes in 2015 to 1,159,900 tonnes in 2014. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Gasolene 88.9 96.4 108.5 104.4 120.9 116.7 128.2 138.2 137.9 154.7 Diesel oil 327.5 307.5 328.5 288.0 310.4 309.9 313.8 336.1 303.6 318.7 Aviation fuel 236.0 262.6 262.2 204.7 234.9 226.4 213.0 241.1 232.0 268.8 kerosene 6.0 3.7 5.9 4.1 6.7 4.3 7.0 2.8 2.2 2.5 Fuel oil 304.4 333.9 291.0 343.7 341.5 434.8 401.2 429.1 406.4 445.1 Liquefied Petroleu m Gas (LPG) 58.8 62.8 63.1 62.6 62.7 66.3 67.9 68.2 75.6 72.5 TOTAL (thousand tonnes) 1021.5 1066.9 1059.2 1007.6 1076.7 1158.4 1131.1 1215.5 1159.9 1262.3 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 1.6 - Import of petroleum products, 2006 - 2015 Upon arrival at the New Oil Jetty of Port Louis Harbour, the petroleum products are pumped out of the tankers and delivered through pipelines into fuel tanks owned and operated individually or jointly in the port Area by the local oil companies, which operate a Jet Fuel tank near SSR Airport. The local oil companies comprise: (i) Vivo (Mauritius) Ltd (Ex-Shell); (ii) Total Mauritius Ltd; (iii) Engen (Mauritius) Ltd; and (iv) Indian Oil (Mauritius) Ltd The oil companies market, distribute and retail the products through their respective networks of filling stations across the country. Some also operate barges to carry out their bunker supply operations at sea. Energy Observatory Report 2015 10 " P a g e 1.7 Primary energy re-export Primary energy re-export in 2015 is shown in Table 1.7. Energy Source ktonne ktoe Diesel oil 116.0 117.1 Aviation fuel (foreign aircraft) 141.9 147.5 Fuel oil 166.8 160.2 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 1.7 - Primary energy re-export 1.8 Stock variation The variations in stock in 2015 are provided in the Table 1.8. 2015 Import Export Primary energy requirement Import-Export-Primary Energy Requirement ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe ktonne ktoe Coal 804.2 498.6 720.8 446.9 83.4 51.7 Gasolene 154.7 167.1 151.0 163.0 3.8 4.1 Diesel oil 318.7 321.9 116.0 117.1 207.5 209.6 -4.8 -4.8 Aviation Fuel 268.8 279.6 141.9 147.5 119.6 124.3 7.4 7.7 Kerosene 2.5 2.6 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.7 Fuel oil 445.1 427.3 166.8 160.2 270.0 259.2 8.3 7.9 LPG 72.5 78.3 73.3 79.2 -0.8 -0.9 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 1.8 - Variation in stock year 1.9 Energy dependency rate In 2015, the energy dependency rate was 83.6%. The trend of the energy dependency rate from 2006 to 2015 is shown in Table 1.9. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 81.5% 82.2% 81.2% 82.5% 83.1% 83.8% 84.4% 84.9% 85.8% 83.6% Table 1.9 - Energy Dependency Rate, 2006 - 2015 Energy Observatory Report 2015 11 " P a g e 2 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION CAPACITY The capacity of power plants connected to the grid in 2015 is shown in Table 2.1. Type of power plant Installed plant capacity (MW) Total Installed plant capacity (MW) Effective plant capacity (MW) Total effective plant capacity (MW) BAGASSE (during cane harvest) Medine 22.50 22.50 16.40 16.40 COAL- BAGASSE Alteo Energy Ltd (formerly F.U.E.L.) 36.70 226.30 33.00 194.50 Terragen Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique de Belle Vue) 71.20 62.00 Consolidated energy limited 28.40 25.50 Omnicane Thermal Energy Operations (La Baraque) Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique de Savannah) 90.00 74.00 Omnicane Thermal Energy Operations (St Aubin) Ltd (formerly Compagnie Thermique du Sud) 32.50 32.50 30.00 30.00 HYDRO Champagne 30.00 60.74 28.00 56.30 Ferney 10.00 10.00 Tamarind Falls 11.70 9.50 Le Val 4.00 4.00 Reduit 1.20 1.00 Cascade Cecile 1.00 1.00 Magenta 0.94 0.90 Midlands Dam 0.35 0.35 La Nicoliere 0.35 0.35 La Ferme 1.20 1.20 LANDFILL GAS Sotravic Ltd 3.45 3.45 3.00 3.00 KEROSENE Nicolay 78.40 78.40 75.00 75.00 DIESEL & FUEL OIL St Louis 89.00 336.60 66.60 307.60 Fort Victoria 109.60 107.00 Fort George 138.00 134.00 PHOTOVOLTAIC IPP 18.51 18.51 18.51 18.51 PHOTOVOLTAIC Island of Rodrigues (IPP) 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 WIND IPP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WIND Island of Rodrigues 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 DIESEL & FUEL OIL Island of Rodrigues 12.40 12.40 11.60 11.60 Total power available on grid (Island of Mauritius) (MW) 779.00 779.00 701.31 701.31 Total power available on grid (Island of Rodrigues) (MW) 13.85 13.85 13.05 13.05 Total (MW) 792.85 792.85 714.36 714.36 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 2.1 - Capacity of power plants in 2015 Energy Observatory Report 2015 12 " P a g e The trend of power plant capacity from 2008 to 2015 (Island of Mauritius) is shown in Figure 2.1. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 2.1 - Trend of effective power plant capacity, 2008 – 2015 14.0 27.6 37.6 23.6 13.0 12.5 12.5 16.4 227.0 243.0 240.5 240.5 224.5 224.5 224.5 224.5 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 247.6 247.6 247.6 263.6 312.9 313.6 307.6 307.6 53.1 53.1 53.5 53.5 53.8 56.3 56.3 56.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.4 18.1 18.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 550.0 600.0 650.0 700.0 750.0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Effective Capacity / MW Wind Photovoltaic Landfill gas Hydro Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius) Kerosene Coal-Bagasse Bagasse (during cane harvest) Energy Observatory Report 2015 13 " P a g e 3 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Overall conversion efficiencies of power plants in 2015 are given in Table 3.1 2015 Fuel input Electricity production Overall conversion efficiency ktoe GWh ktoe Coal 424.3 1181.7 101.6 24.0% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius) 213.3 1094.5 94.1 44.1% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues 8.2 36.8 3.2 38.4% kerosene 0.8 2.0 0.2 22.4% Bagasse 198.4 509.8 43.8 22.1% TOTAL (Thermal) 845.0 2824.8 242.9 28.7% Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 3.1 - Conversion efficiency of power plants Figure 3.1 shows the trend of electricity production over the period 2006 to 2015. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.1 - Trend of electricity production, 2006 - 2015 798.3 993.6 1,128.7 1,015.3 1,115.9 1,119.4 1,162.3 1,213.6 1,259.5 1,181.7 1,023.4 915.7 827.1 938.0 976.6 1,058.7 1,057.0 1,076.1 1,079.3 1,131.2 5.7 3.2 6.6 15.3 18.9 11.6 11.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 445.7 467.9 486.4 485.0 474.1 486.5 470.5 472.8 456.2 509.8 76.6 83.9 108.0 122.4 100.7 56.5 74.1 94.8 90.8 121.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.5 2.5 2.8 3.6 3.6 3.3 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 17.8 20.0 21.3 20.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.7 24.5 25.7 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ELECTRIITY PRODUCTION (GWH) YEAR Coal Diesel & Fuel oil kerosene Bagasse Hydro Wind Landfill gas Photovoltaic Energy Observatory Report 2015 14 " P a g e Total electricity production over the previous year increased by 2.0 % in 2015 compared to 1.8 % in 2014In 2015, 77.3% of electricity production was derived from fossil sources while 22.7% of electricity production from renewable sources. The share of electricity generated from renewable source in 2015 was 22.7 % which is more than the share of 20.3% in 2014. This is due to an increase of 4.9% in Photovoltaic, 11.7 % in electricity production from bagasse and 34.3 % form hydro power stations as compared to 2014. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.2 - Share of electricity production by fuel type Figure 3.3 shows the monthly peak electricity demand for the years 2010 - 2015 (Island of Mauritius). Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.3 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Mauritius), 2010 – 2015 Coal, 101.6 ktoe, 39.4% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Mauritius), 94.1 ktoe, 36.5% Diesel & Fuel Oil (Island of Rodrigues, 3.2 ktoe, 1.2% kerosene, 0.2 ktoe, 0.1% Bagasse , 43.8 ktoe, 17.0% Wind, 0.2 ktoe, 0.1% Hydro, 10.5 ktoe, 4.1% Photovoltaic , 2.2 ktoe, 0.9% Landfill gas, 1.8 ktoe, 0.7% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2015 442.0 438.2 459.9 430.9 423.5 392.9 381.6 393.5 383.5 406.5 420.0 455.1 2014 446.2 445.1 445.3 421.3 413.7 386.6 375.3 393.7 384.6 418.1 427.0 442.5 2013 433.0 438.2 420.6 409.4 399.1 373.8 373.2 369.6 383.1 396.3 418.7 441.1 2012 410.4 429.1 412.4 397.6 388.8 368.4 366.3 366.6 371.7 386.3 406.9 430.1 2011 394.6 404.0 402.3 395.2 384.7 369.9 364.3 349.8 365.4 385.4 394.1 412.5 2010 384.4 395.9 404.1 387.1 375.1 359.1 352.7 348.3 351.7 370.9 377.7 398.2 320.0 340.0 360.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 MW Energy Observatory Report 2015 15 " P a g e In 2015, peak power demand varied between 381.6 MW to 459.9 MW. Peak demand of 459.9 MW occurred in March. The peak power demand is observed to follow prevailing meteorological conditions, mainly temperature with peaks noted in the summer season, which implies additional power demand for air conditioning across the island. Electricity use for refrigeration also increases during the summer period. Figure 3.4 shows the monthly peak electricity demand for the years 2014 and 2015 (Island of Rodrigues). Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.4 - Peak electricity demand (Island of Rodrigues), 2014 - 2015 Peak demand has consistently increased as shown by the demand trend over the period 2008 - 2015 (Island of Mauritius) in Figure 3.5. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 3.5 - Electricity demand (MW) trend, January 2008 to Dec 2015 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2014 6.300 6.090 6.280 6.314 6.450 6.062 5.953 6.070 6.212 6.450 6.512 7.204 2015 6.540 6.719 6.870 6.716 6.507 6.477 6.376 6.210 6.433 6.429 6.600 7.241 5.000 5.500 6.000 6.500 7.000 7.500 MW 320.0 340.0 360.0 380.0 400.0 420.0 440.0 460.0 480.0 Jan-08 Apr-08 Jul-08 Oct-08 Jan-09 Apr-09 Jul-09 Oct-09 Jan-10 Apr-10 Jul-10 Oct-10 Jan-11 Apr-11 Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13 Apr-13 Jul-13 Oct-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Jul-14 Oct-14 Jan-15 Apr-15 Jul-15 Oct-15 MW Electricity demand (MW) Trend (linear) Energy Observatory Report 2015 16 " P a g e Table 3.2 provides a summary of the electricity production over the period 2006 to 2015 (Island of Mauritius). 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Fossil (GWh) 1,827.4 1,912.5 1,962.5 1,968.5 2,111.4 2,189.7 2,230.3 2,291.4 2,340.8 2,315.0 Renewables (GWh) 522.7 552.2 594.8 608.9 577.3 548.9 566.8 593.9 596.1 680.6 Increase (GWh) 78.0 114.6 92.5 20.2 111.3 49.9 58.6 88.1 51.6 58.7 Percentage increase overall 3.4 % 4.9 % 3.8 % 0.8 % 4.3 % 1.9 % 2.1 % 3.2 % 1.8 % 2.0 % Percentage of renewables 22.2% 22.4% 23.3% 23.6% 21.5% 20.0% 20.3% 20.6% 20.3% 22.7% Peak demand (MW) (Island of Mauritius) 367.3 367.6 378.1 388.6 404.1 412.5 430.1 441.1 446.2 459.9 Peak demand evolution 4.0 % 0.1 % 2.9 % 2.8 % 4.0 % 2.1 % 4.3 % 2.5 % 1.2 % 3.1 % Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 3.2 - Summary of electricity production, 2006 – 2015 Energy Observatory Report 2015 17 " P a g e 4 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 4.1 General Final energy consumption describes consumption of end users, excluding energy used for electricity generation and losses in the energy transfer matrix. Figure 4.1 shows the final energy consumption on a sector basis, for the period 2006 to 2015. It can be noted that the total final energy consumption in 2015 amounted to 912.9 ktoe, representing an increase of 2.3 % compared to 2014. As can be seen in Figure 2.7, an increase in final energy consumption has been observed in all other sectors, with the highest increase (+ 9.0 ktoe) being for the transport sector. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.1 : Final energy consumption by sector, 2006– 2015 4.2 Final Energy consumption - Transport sector Table 4.1 gives the fuel consumption in the sub-sectors of the transport sector, while Figure 4.2 shows the share of fuel use in each sub-sector and Figure 4.3 depicts the trend in consumption over the period 2006 – 2015. Transport sector Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel (local aircraft) LPG Fuel Oil Total (ktoe) Land 159.4 168.0 3.4 330.8 Aviation 124.3 124.3 Sea 3.7 1.2 3.1 8.0 Total (ktoe) 163.0 169.2 124.3 3.4 3.1 463.1 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 4.1: Fuel consumption in the Transport sector in 2015 430.0 415.6 410.6 394.9 421.6 435.3 427.3 438.8 454.1 463.1 266.6 259.4 243.5 220.4 231.2 222.4 215.5 212.3 210.7 216.2 108.9 108.8 110.1 113.1 116.9 117.4 120.1 123.4 126.5 129.9 62.7 65.2 69.1 72.3 76.4 80.7 83.7 88.1 92.5 95.5 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 KTOE YEAR Transport Manufacturing Household Commercial Agriculture Others Energy Observatory Report 2015 18 " P a g e Figure 4.2 : Fuel consumption share in sub-sectors of the Transport sector in 2015 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.3 : Trend of Fuel Consumption in sub-sectors of Transport sector 2006 – 2015 Land, 330.8 ktoe, 71% Aviation , 124.3 ktoe, 27% Sea, 8.0 ktoe, 2% 275.5 263.6 265.7 276.7 290.6 293.1 304.2 310.1 319.1 330.8 146.7 143.6 136.9 110.5 123.3 134.3 115.0 120.7 126.8 124.3 7.8 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ktoe Land Aviation Sea Energy Observatory Report 2015 19 " P a g e The trend of fuel consumption in the road transport sector over the period 2006 to 2015 is shown in Figure 4.4. It may be noted that fuel consumption in road transport reached 330.8 ktoe in 2015; representing an increase of 3.7 % over 2014. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.4 : Trend of Fuel Consumption in Road Transport, 2006 - 2015 Compared to 2014, it may be observed that in 2015:- - Diesel consumption increased by 0.7 %. - Gasolene consumption increased by 7.5 %. - LPG (autogas) consumption has decreased by 14.8 % 4.3 Vehicle fleet The fleet of powered vehicles for Mauritius comprised 484 294 vehicles in 2015. Data Source: National Transport Authority Figure 4.5 : Vehicle fleet by type of fuel Gasolene , 398349, 82.3% Diesel, 83228, 17.2% Hybrid, 2413, 0.5% Electric, 19, 0.0% LPG, 285, 0.1% 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 93.8 104.2 106.8 117.6 124.5 126.8 133.2 139.2 148.2 159.4 174.2 152.2 153.4 154.2 161.1 161.5 166.3 166.5 166.8 168.0 7.4 7.2 5.6 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.0 3.4 KTOE Gasolene Diesel oil LPG (autogas) Energy Observatory Report 2015 20 " P a g e In 2015 the number of hybrid powered vehicles increased to 2413 compared to 1825 in 2014. It may be noted from Table 4.2 that there has been an increase in new and second hand imported car registrations in 2015 of +7.7 % compared to 2014. Engine capacity 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 % growth in 2015 over 2014 Up to 1,000 c.c 722 535 726 804 948 856 1634 1982 1519 3205 111.0 1,001 - 1,250 c.c 1224 1338 1580 1211 1060 1158 1582 2056 3166 4128 30.4 1,251 - 1,400 c.c 879 1283 1801 1691 2205 2015 2691 3321 3212 1986 -38.2 1,401 - 1,500 c.c 2465 2033 2042 1835 2384 1771 1824 2528 2425 2543 4.9 1,501 - 2,000 c.c 1945 2482 2858 2927 2105 2867 3557 3240 3039 2743 -9.7 2,001 - 2,250 c.c 100 72 338 32 9 20 30 51 56 61 8.9 2,251 - 2,500 c.c 59 91 169 155 196 166 58 432 512 335 -34.6 2,501 - 3,000 c.c 54 129 162 139 154 185 142 102 94 122 29.8 Above 3,000 c.c 30 82 115 72 87 71 77 48 44 34 -22.7 Total 7478 8045 9791 8866 9148 9109 11595 13760 14067 15157 7.7 Data Source: National Transport Authority Table 4.2 : New and second hand imported car registration Energy Observatory Report 2015 21 " P a g e 4.4 Final energy consumption - Manufacturing sector Total energy consumption in the manufacturing sector amounted to 216.2 ktoe in 2015 which was 2.6 % more than in 2014. Figure 4.6 shows the share of different energy sources used in the manufacturing sector in 2015, while Figure 4.7 provides the trend for the period 2006 to 2015. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.6: Share of energy sources, Manufacturing Sector, 2015 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.7 : Trend of fuel consumption in the Manufacturing Sector, 2006 – 2015 Coal, 22.6 ktoe, 10.4% Diesel oil, 37.0 ktoe, 17.1% Fuel oil , 35.7 ktoe, 16.5% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 6.1 ktoe, 2.8% Fuelwood, 0.5 ktoe, 0.2% Bagasse, 31.6 ktoe, 14.6% Electricity, 82.7 ktoe, 38.3% 13.4 12.4 25.8 13.4 15.4 15.0 15.9 17.1 19.4 22.6 50.3 48.8 46.8 46.3 47.0 43.5 41.7 35.8 36.5 37.0 51.6 53.5 48.3 41.4 39.8 38.7 37.4 37.6 38.9 35.7 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 74.2 64.1 38.3 36.3 42.6 39.1 34.1 32.7 28.5 31.6 72.3 75.6 78.5 77.1 80.3 79.9 79.9 82.8 81.2 82.7 4.3 4.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 KTOE Coal Diesel oil Fuel oil Fuelwood Bagasse Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Energy Observatory Report 2015 22 " P a g e 4.5 Final energy consumption - Household sector Total energy consumption in the household sector amounted to 129.9 ktoe in 2015 representing a 2.7% growth over 2014. The share of energy sources in the Household sector in 2015 is given in Figure 4.8. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.8 : Share of energy sources, Household sector, 2015 As can be seen from Figure 4.8, the main sources of energy for the household sector are LPG and electricity. LPG is used mostly for cooking and water heating. Fuel wood is still in use as cooking fuel albeit not very significant. Use of kerosene as fuel has nearly ceased since the price increase in its retail price in 2006. In 2015 the consumption of electricity and LPG have both increased compared to 2014 by 3.1 % and 3.2 % respectively. The trend of the use of each fuel over the period 2006 to 2015 is shown in Figure 4.9. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.9: Trend of fuel consumption in the Household sector, 2006 - 2015 kerosene, 0.1 ktoe, 0.1% Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 53.0 ktoe, 40.8% Fuel wood, 5.2 ktoe, 4.0% Charcoal, 0.1 ktoe, 0.1% Electricity, 71.5 ktoe, 55.0% kerosene Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel wood Charcoal Electricity 53.1 55.3 56.1 58.5 61.1 62.4 64.8 67.2 69.4 71.5 44.9 45.5 45.8 46.7 47.6 48.2 49.0 50.1 51.4 53.0 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.1 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 KTOE Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel wood kerosene Charcoal Energy Observatory Report 2015 23 " P a g e 4.6 Final energy consumption - Commercial sector Total energy consumption in the Commercial sector amounted to 95.5 ktoe in 2015 and the share of energy sources in 2015 is shown in Figure 4.10, while Figure 4.11 gives the trend of fuel consumption over the period 2006 to 2015. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.10: Share of energy sources in the Commercial sector, 2015 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.11 : Trend of fuel consumption in the Commercial sector, 2006 - 2015 In 2015, electricity consumption in the commercial sector increased by 3.2 % compared to 2014, indicating continued expansion in the sector. The main areas of electricity use in this sector are refrigeration, air conditioning, decorative and security lighting. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), 16.3 ktoe, 17.1% Charcoal, 0.3 ktoe, 0.3% Electricity, 78.9 ktoe, 82.6% 0.0 ktoe 10.0 ktoe 20.0 ktoe 30.0 ktoe 40.0 ktoe 50.0 ktoe 60.0 ktoe 70.0 ktoe 80.0 ktoe 90.0 ktoe 100.0 ktoe 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 50.0 53.1 57.9 60.6 64.3 68.2 70.4 73.4 77.0 78.9 12.4 11.8 10.9 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.9 14.3 15.2 16.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 ktoe Electricity Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Charcoal Energy Observatory Report 2015 24 " P a g e 4.7 Final energy consumption - Agriculture sector Total energy consumption in the agriculture sector amounted to 4.2 ktoe in 2015 and the share of energy sources in 2015 is shown in Figure 4.12, while Figure 4.13 gives the trend of fuel consumption over the period 2006 to 2015. Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.12 : Share of energy sources in Agriculture sector, 2015 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.13 : Share of fuel consumption in the Agriculture sector, 2006 – 2015 It may be noted from Figure 4.13 that the fuel consumption in the sector is rather stable, in the range of 4.1 to 4.9 ktoe over the period 2006 to 2015. 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.9 0.0 ktoe 1.0 ktoe 2.0 ktoe 3.0 ktoe 4.0 ktoe 5.0 ktoe 6.0 ktoe 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 ktoe Diesel oil Electricity Diesel oil, 2.3 ktoe, 55.4% Electricity, 1.9 ktoe, 44.6% Diesel oil Electricity Energy Observatory Report 2015 25 " P a g e 4.8 Electricity consumption As shown in Table 4.3 electricity sales for 2015 amounted to 2,505.4GWh compared to 2,452.2GWh in 2014, that is an increase of 2.2 % compared to 2014. Figure 4.14 gives details of the number of different category consumers, the electricity consumption in each category and the share of consumption of each for year 2015. Type of tariff Number of consumers Consumption GWh Consumption % 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 Domestic 396,335 404,463 806.3 831.0 32.9 33.2 Commercial 40,089 41,124 894.1 915.8 36.5 36.6 Industrial (including irrigation) 6,593 6,381 715.2 720.1 29.2 28.7 Other 610 637 36.6 38.5 1.5 1.5 Total 443,627 452,605 2,452.2 2,505.4 100 100 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 4.3 : Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2015 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.14 : Electricity consumption per category of consumers, 2015 404,463 831.0 33.2 % 41,124 915.8 36.6 % 6,381 720.1 28.7 % Number of consumers Consumption GWh Consumption % Domestic Commercial Industrial (including irrigation) Other Energy Observatory Report 2015 26 " P a g e An analysis of domestic electricity consumption is given in Table 4.4, which shows an increase from 1.90 MWh in 2009 to 2.05 MWh in 2015. Domestic consumers 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Consumption (GWh) 680.1 710.7 725.3 753.0 780.8 806.3 831.0 Number of consumers 358359 364474 372315 381096 388910 396335 404463 Average consumption per consumer (MWh) 1.90 1.95 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.05 Consumption growth rate % 2.0% 2.7% -0.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.3% 1.0% Average consumption per inhabitant (KWh/day) 1.49 1.56 1.59 1.64 1.70 1.75 1.80 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 4.4 : Analysis of domestic electricity consumption, 2009 – 2015 Energy Observatory Report 2015 27 " P a g e 4.9 Fossil Fuel consumption Table 4.5 provides a breakdown of fossil fuels consumption by sector. Sector Coal Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Total (ktoe) Electricity production 424.3 1.1 0.8 220.4 646.6 Manufacturing 22.6 37.0 35.7 6.1 101.4 Commercial 16.3 16.3 Household 0.1 53.0 53.1 Transport (incl. sea) 163.0 169.2 124.3 3.1 3.4 463.1 Agriculture 2.3 2.3 Others 0.3 0.3 Total (ktoe) 446.9 163.0 209.6 124.3 0.9 259.2 79.2 1283.1 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 4.5 : Fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2015 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Figure 4.15 : Share of fossil fuel consumption by sector, 2015 Electricity production , 646.6 ktoe, 50.4% Manufacturing, 101.4 ktoe, 7.9% Commercial, 16.3 ktoe, 1.3% Household, 53.1 ktoe, 4.1% Transport (incl. sea), 463.1 ktoe, 36.1% Agriculture, 2.3 ktoe, 0.2% Electricity production Manufacturing Commercial Household Transport (incl. sea) Agriculture Others Energy Observatory Report 2015 28 " P a g e 5 CO2 EMISSIONS DUE TO FOSSIL FUELS 5.1 Introduction The greenhouse gas effect is a natural phenomenon that captures part of the energy emitted by the Sun to the Earth. Greenhouse Gases (sometimes abbreviated GHG) have a role comparable to that of glass of a greenhouse shed. The heat from the atmosphere depends on solar radiation (constant) and the amount of radiation trapped by greenhouse gases. 5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Emissions from human activities mainly concern the following six gases, covered by the Kyoto Protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Human activity since the industrial era has led, due to the consumption of fossil energy stocks, to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, despite the uptake of a large portion of the emissions through various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions produced by human activities come mainly from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, heavy fuel oil and its derivatives (gasolene, diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) etc.), and natural gas. 5.3 Inventory of CO2 from energy sources for Island of Mauritius in 2015 This report focuses only on CO2 emissions (excluding other greenhouse gases) during combustion of fossil fuels. The scope of emissions discussed concerns all CO2emissions due to fossil energy conversion in all sectors (electricity generation, transport, residential and manufacturing). Figure 5.1 gives the share of carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion in each sector in 2015. It may be noted that, in 2015, total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion activities amounted to 3,975.6 thousand tonnes and CO2 removals amounted to 295 thousand tonnes. Net CO2 emissions for 2015 was 3,681 thousand tonnes. Energy Observatory Report 2015 29 " P a g e Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Note: Excludes the amount of CO2 sequestrated by trees and vegetations found along rivers and canal reserves and trees along road Figure 5.1 : Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion, 2015 5.4 CO2 emissions due to fossil fuels Table 5.1 and Figure 5.2 show the trend in tonnes of CO2 emissions per capita and per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2000 prices). It may be observed that the amount of CO2 emitted with respect to GDP has been decreasing since 2010. This shows an increase in the energy efficiency of the local economy. 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Net CO2 emissions (ktonnes) 3155.7 3225.7 3187.1 3074.6 3375.0 3351.3 3452.2 3542.9 3675.6 3681.0 tCO2 emissions per capita 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 tCO2 per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2000 prices) 2.19 2.14 2.00 1.83 1.95 1.85 1.83 1.82 1.82 1.76 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Table 5.1 : CO2 emissions, 2006 -2015 Energy industries (electricity), 2407.5 ktonne, 60.6% Manufacturing industries, 337.8 ktonne, 8.5% Transport, 1032.1 ktonne, 26.0% Residential, 146.9 ktonne, 3.7% Other sectors (Commercial, Agriculture), 51.6 ktonne, 1.3% Energy Observatory Report 2015 30 " P a g e Figure 5.2 : Trend of CO2 emissions, 2012 – 2015 5.5 CO2 emissions for electricity generation In 2015, the total CO2 emissions from electricity generation amounted to 2,407.5 thousand tonnes representing a decrease of 1.7 % compared to 2014. The Grid Emission Factor for year 2015 was 909.7 gCO2/kWh. 5.6 CO2 emission in the transport sector (inclusive of aviation) In 2015 emissions have reached 1,032.1 thousand tonnes of CO2 representing an increase of 3.6 % compared to 2014. 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CO2 EMISSIONS tCO2 emissions per capita tCO2 per Rs 100,000 GDP (at 2000 prices) Energy Observatory Report 2015 31 " P a g e 6 KEY FIGURES Indicator Unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total primary energy requirement ktoe 1376.8 1381.8 1404.4 1346.9 1430.7 1426.9 1427.6 1454.8 1491.7 1534.4 Imported ktoe 1122.1 1136.0 1140.9 1110.6 1189.0 1195.7 1205.3 1235.4 1279.4 1283.2 Local ktoe 254.6 245.8 263.5 236.3 241.6 231.1 222.3 219.4 212.3 251.3 Annual increase (Primary Energy) % 6.5 0.4 1.6 -4.1 6.2 -0.3 0.1 1.9 2.5 2.9 Import Dependency % 81.5 82.2 81.2 82.5 83.1 83.8 84.4 84.9 85.8 83.6 GDP in 2000 rupees Rs M 150509 159088 167679 173212 180834 188248 194837 201461 208915 216227 Mid-year Population 1233996 1239630 1244121 1247429 1250400 1252404 1255882 1258653 1260934 1262605 Energy intensity toe per Rs 100000 GDP at 2000 prices 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.78 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 Per capita primary energy requirement toe 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.08 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.22 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius Energy Observatory Report 2015 32 " P a g e 7 SUMMARY TABLE 2015 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 230.1 1.8 6.5 10.5 2.2 0.2 251.3 Imported Resources 498.6 167.1 321.9 279.6 2.6 427.3 78.3 1775.4 Re-exports and bunkering -117.1 -147.5 -160.2 -424.8 Stocks (+ destocking; - stocking) -51.7 -4.1 4.8 -7.7 -1.7 -8.0 1.0 -67.3 TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 446.9 163.0 209.6 124.3 0.9 259.2 79.2 0.0 230.1 1.8 6.5 0.0 10.5 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1534.4 % Energy independence (LP/PE) 16.4 Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -424.3 101.6 -322.7 HFO and diesel input for electricity production -1.1 -220.4 97.3 -124.2 Bagasse input for electricity production -198.4 43.8 -154.6 Kerosene input for electricity production -0.8 0.2 -0.6 Biogas input for electricity production -1.8 1.8 0.0 Hydro input for electricity production -10.5 10.5 0.0 PV input for electricity production PV -2.2 2.2 0.0 Wind input for electricity production -0.2 0.2 0.0 Electricity production own use -3.8 -3.8 Solar Thermal heat production 0.0 Fuelwood to charcoal -0.8 0.4 -0.4 TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -424.3 0.0 -1.1 0.0 -0.8 -220.4 0.0 0.0 -198.4 -1.8 -0.8 0.4 -10.5 -2.2 0.0 -0.2 253.8 0.0 -606.3 Energy Distribution Final distribution (D=PE+SS) 22.6 163.0 208.5 124.3 0.1 38.8 79.2 0.0 31.6 0.0 5.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 253.8 0.0 928.1 Losses (L=(D+F)) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -15.3 0.0 -15.3 TOTAL final distribution (D+L) 22.6 163.0 208.5 124.3 0.1 38.8 79.2 0.0 31.6 0.0 5.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 238.5 0.0 912.9 912.9 Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -22.6 -37.0 -35.7 -6.1 -31.6 -0.5 -82.7 -216.2 Commercial -16.3 -0.3 -78.9 -95.5 Household -0.1 -53.0 -5.2 -0.1 -71.5 -129.9 Transport -163.0 -169.2 -124.3 -3.1 -3.4 0.0 -463.1 Agriculture -2.3 -1.9 -4.2 Others -0.3 -3.6 -3.9 TOTAL (F) -22.6 -163.0 -208.5 -124.3 -0.1 -38.8 -79.2 0.0 -31.6 0.0 -5.7 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -238.5 0.0 -912.9 Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar Energy Observatory Report 2015 33 " P a g e 8 SUMMARY TABLE 2014 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 193.4 1.8 6.9 7.8 2.1 0.3 212.3 Imported Resources 478.5 148.9 306.7 241.3 2.3 390.2 81.6 1649.4 Re-exports and bunkering -117.8 -126.6 -163.7 -408.2 Stocks (+ destocking; - stocking) -18.2 2.8 19.2 12.2 -1.4 28.4 -4.9 38.1 TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) 460.3 151.7 208.0 126.8 0.9 254.8 76.7 0.0 193.4 1.8 6.9 0.0 7.8 2.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1491.7 % Energy independence (LP/PE) 14.2 Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -441.0 108.3 -332.6 HFO and diesel input for electricity production -1.2 -212.5 92.8 -120.9 Bagasse input for electricity production -164.9 39.2 -125.7 Kerosene input for electricity production -0.7 0.2 -0.5 Biogas input for electricity production -1.8 1.8 0.0 Hydro input for electricity production -7.8 7.8 0.0 PV input for electricity production PV -2.1 2.1 0.0 Wind input for electricity production -0.3 0.3 0.0 Electricity production own use -3.9 -3.9 Solar Thermal heat production 0.0 Fuelwood to charcoal -0.9 0.4 -0.5 TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -441.0 0.0 -1.2 0.0 -0.7 -212.5 0.0 0.0 -164.9 -1.8 -0.9 0.4 -7.8 -2.1 0.0 -0.3 248.6 0.0 -584.2 Energy Distribution Final distribution (D=PE+SS) 19.4 151.7 206.8 126.8 0.2 42.4 76.7 0.0 28.5 0.0 6.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 248.6 0.0 907.6 Losses (L=(D+F)) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -15.6 0.0 -15.6 TOTAL final distribution (D+L) 19.4 151.7 206.8 126.8 0.2 42.4 76.7 0.0 28.5 0.0 6.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 233.0 0.0 892.0 Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing -19.4 -36.5 -38.9 -5.9 -28.5 -0.5 -81.2 -210.7 Commercial -15.2 -0.4 -77.0 -92.5 Household -0.2 -51.4 -5.5 -0.1 -69.3 -126.5 Transport -151.7 -168.0 -126.8 -3.5 -4.0 0.0 -454.1 Agriculture -2.3 -2.3 -4.6 Others -0.3 -3.2 -3.4 TOTAL (F) -19.4 -151.7 -206.8 -126.8 -0.2 -42.4 -76.7 0.0 -28.5 0.0 -6.0 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -233.0 0.0 -892.0 Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar Energy Observatory Report 2015 34 " P a g e 9 GROWTH PERCENTAGE (%) IN 2015 COMPARED TO 2014 Coal Hydro Wind Electricity Heat TOTAL -' Consumption in ktoe Gasolene Diesel Aviation fuel Kerosene HFO LPG Used oils Bagasse Landfill Gas Fuelwood Charcoal PV Thermal + Prod + Prod +' Production and supply - Cons - Cons Primary Energy and Supply Local Production (LP) 19.0 % -4.5 % -6.3 % 34.2 % 5.1 % -15.4 % 18.3 % Imported Resources 4.2 % 12.2 % 5.0 % 15.9 % 13.1 % 9.5 % -4.1 % 7.6 % TOTAL Primary Energy (PE) -2.9 % 7.4 % 0.7 % -2.0 % 4.6 % 1.7 % 3.2 % 19.0 % -4.5 % -6.3 % 34.2 % 5.1 % -15.4 % 2.9 % Secondary Energy Coal input for electricity production -3.8 % -3.0 % HFO and diesel input for electricity production -11.8 % 3.7 % 2.7 % Bagasse input for electricity production 20.4 % 23.0 % Kerosene input for electricity production 8.9 % 11.8 % Biogas input for electricity production -4.5 % Hydro input for electricity production 34.2 % PV input for electricity production PV 5.1 % Wind input for electricity production -15.4 % Electricity production own use -3.0 % Solar Thermal heat production Fuelwood to charcoal -8.7 % -6.7 % -10.5 % TOTAL Secondary supply (SS) -3.8 % -11.8 % 8.9 % 3.7 % 20.4 % -4.5 % -8.7 % -6.7 % 34.2 % 5.1 % -15.4 % 3.8 % Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing 16.6 % 1.4 % -8.1 % 4.5 % 11.1 % -3.1 % 1.9 % 2.6 % Commercial 5.6 % 3.1 % 5.0 % 5.1 % Household -9.5 % 2.6 % -6.1 % -7.3 % 3.3 % 2.5 % Transport 7.4 % 0.7 % -2.0 % -10.6 % -14.8 % 2.0 % Agriculture 1.0 % -18.0 % -8.5 % Others 5.5 % 13.7 % 13.0 % TOTAL (F) 16.6 % 7.4 % 0.8 % -2.0 % -28.4 % -8.3 % 3.2 % 11.1 % -6.0 % -8.6 % 2.4 % 2.3 % Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Petroleum products Biomass Solar Energy Observatory Report 2015 35 " P a g e 10 ENERGY PATTERN 2015 Total Primary Energy Requirement Total final Energy Consumption 1534.4 ktoe 912.9 ktoe Renewables 251.3 ktoe RE 251.3 ktoe 16.4 % Wind 0.2 ktoe RE 52.0 ktoe RE 37.3 ktoe 674.3 ktoe -133.5 ktoe Manufacturing Hydro 10.5 ktoe -16.6 ktoe Commercial Photovoltaic 2.2 ktoe -58.4 ktoe Household Bagasse 230.1 ktoe RE 14.7 ktoe -463.1 ktoe Transport Fuelwood 6.9 ktoe -2.3 ktoe Agriculture Landfill gas 1.8 ktoe -0.3 ktoe Others RE 199.3 ktoe 0.4 ktoe Re-Exports, Bunkering + Stock change -492.2 ktoe Fossil 636.6 ktoe 78.3 ktoe LPG 79.2 ktoe 253.8 ktoe 167.1 ktoe Gasolene 163.0 ktoe 239.1 ktoe 238.5 ktoe 279.6 ktoe Aviation Fuel 124.3 ktoe -82.7 ktoe Manufacturing 2.6 ktoe Kerosene 0.9 ktoe -78.9 ktoe Commercial 321.9 ktoe Diesel 209.6 ktoe 243.3 ktoe 242.9 ktoe -71.5 ktoe Household 427.3 ktoe HFO 259.2 ktoe Own use 0.0 ktoe Transport 498.6 ktoe Coal 446.9 ktoe Fossil 646.6 ktoe Total Primary fuel input for transformation -3.8 ktoe Distribution losses -1.9 ktoe Agriculture 845.8 ktoe -15.3 ktoe -3.6 ktoe Others Fossil fuel Imports Fossil 1775.4 ktoe 1283.2 ktoe Transformational losses 83.6 % -602.5 ktoe Energy Observatory Report 2015 36 " P a g e 11 TABLE OF INDICATORS Item Indicators Unit 2014 2015 % change Primary Energy Consumption Primary Energy Consumption ktoe 1491.7 1534.4 2.9 Share of local resources: local primary consumption/total primary consumption % 14.2 16.4 15.5 Energy intensity Energy intensity per inhabitant: Primary energy Consumption/population toe/inhab 1.18 1.22 2.7 Energy intensity per 100,000 (2000 Rs): Primary Energy Consumption/GDP toe/Rs 0.71 0.71 -0.6 Electricity Production Total fossil fuel input for electricity production ktoe 655.4 646.6 -1.3 Total renewable input for electricity production ktoe 164.9 198.5 20.3 Total electricity production GWh 2936.9 2995.6 2.0 Penetration of renewable resources % 20.3 22.7 11.9 Final electricity consumption per sector Total electricity sold GWh 2452.2 2505.4 2.2 Domestic sector % 32.9 33.2 0.9 Commercial sector % 36.5 36.6 0.3 Industrial sector % 29.2 28.7 -1.7 Electricity consumption per consumer (Domestic) GWh/consumer 2.03 2.06 1.0 Electricity consumption per consumer (Commercial) GWh/consumer 22.30 22.27 -0.1 Electricity consumption per consumer (Industrial) GWh/consumer 108.47 112.86 4.0 Final energy consumption in transport sector Total energy consumption (transport) ktoe 454.1 463.1 2.0 CO2 Emissions Total CO2 emissions ktCO2 3969.6 3975.6 0.1 Net CO2 emissions ktCO2 3675.6 3681.0 0.1 Energy industries % 61.70 60.56 -1.8 Manufacturing sector % 8.38 8.50 1.4 Transport sector % 25.10 25.96 3.4 Residential sector % 3.60 3.69 2.4 Others % 1.20 1.30 8.5 CO2 emissions per kWh of electricity generated (Grid emission factor)2 gCO2/kWh 915.2 909.7 -0.6 Data Source: Statistics Mauritius 1 Domestic sector in this document includes CEB residential consumers, charitable and religious institutions. 2 Source: Central Electricity Board Energy Observatory Report 2015 37 " P a g e GLOSSARY Aviation fuel: A kerosene type meeting the required properties for use in jet engines and aircraft-turbine engines. Bagasse: Cellulosic residue left after sugar is extracted from sugar cane. Capacity: The maximum power available from a power station at a point in time: - Installed capacity: The nameplate capacity of the generator set. - Plant capacity: The net capacity measured at the terminals of the stations, i.e., after deduction of the power absorbed by the auxiliary installations and the losses in the station transformers. - Effective capacity: It is the plant capacity less any amount of derated capacity from the installed capacity. Charcoal: Comprises the solid residue obtained by the destructive distillation of wood in the absence of air. CPP (Continuous Power Producers) Entities which, in addition to their main activities, themselves produce (individually or in combination) electric energy intended, in whole or in part, to meet their own needs from bagasse only and the surplus for sale to the CEB only during the cane harvest period. Coal: Fossil fuel that has a high degree of coalification, with a gross calorific value over24MJ/kg (5700 Kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. Diesel Oil: Consists primarily of medium oil distilling between 1800 C and 3800 C. Electric energy dependence: The ratio of electricity generation from fossil fuels and electricity generation total. Electric dependency ratio: Ratio between electricity production from fossil fuels and the total electricity production. Energy: Capacity for doing work or for producing heat. Producing heat is a common manifestation of 'doing work' as are producing light and motive force. Energy intensity A measure of the energy efficiency of the economy of the country. Provides a measure of the efficiency with which energy is being used in production. A lower ratio usually reflects a more efficient use of energy. Energy unit: The International System of Units (SI unit) of energy is the Joule. Final energy: Energy Observatory Report 2015 38 " P a g e Energy that is supplied to consumers (electricity, petrol, diesel, natural gas, fuel oil, heating oil). Final Energy Consumption: Energy consumption by final user- i.e. energy which is not being used for transformation into other forms of energy. The consumption by sector is presented as follows: Agriculture: Energy used for irrigation and by other agricultural equipments; Commercial & distributive trade: Energy consumed by the business and commercial sector; Residential: Consumption of energy by residential sector; Manufacturing: Consumption in industry and construction; and Transport: Includes consumption by land vehicles, ships and local aircrafts. Fossils fuels: Formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Fuels: Term used to describe energy sources that must be subjected to combustion in order to release the energy stored up inside them. Fuel wood: All forms of woody material. Fuel Oils: Heavy oils from the refining process of crude oil and used as fuel in power stations. It is also commonly used by ships and industrial large-scale heating boilers installations as a fuel in furnaces or boilers in the manufacturing sector. Gasoline: A mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, which have been blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The aggregate money value of all goods and services produced within a country out of economic activity during a specified period, usually a year, before provision for the consumption of fixed capital. Gigawatt hour (GWh): Unit of electrical energy, equal to 3.6 terajoules (TJ). Hybrid vehicle: A vehicle that uses different types of energy for power. This vehicle has usually two types of engines: internal combustion engine and electric motor. IPP (Independent Power Producers): Entities which, in addition to their main activities, themselves produce(individually or in combination) electric energy intended, in whole or in part, to meet their own needs and for sale to the CEB throughout the year from bagasse during the cane harvest period and coal outside this period. Kerosene (excl. Aviation fuel type): A medium oil distilling between 1500 C and 3000 C and which is used in sectors other than aircraft transport. Energy Observatory Report 2015 39 " P a g e Kilowatt (kW): Unit of electrical power equal to 1 000 watts Kilowatt hour (kWh): Unit of electrical energy equal to one kilowatt (1 kW) of power expended for one hour (3 600 s) or 3 600 000 joules. Liquefied petroleum Gas (LPG): Consists mainly of propane or butane, derived from either petroleum refining process or extracted from petroleum streams. It is normally liquefied under pressure for transportation and storage. In Mauritius it is often used to power cooking stoves or gas water heaters and to fuel some types of vehicle. Losses (transmission / distribution losses): Comprise losses in transmission and distribution of electric energy and losses in transformers, which are not considered as integral parts of the power stations. Own use (Station use and loss): Included are consumption by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers, which are considered as integral parts of the power stations. Peak demand: Term used in energy demand management describing a period in which electrical power is expected to be provided for a sustained period at a significantly higher than the average supply level. Peak demand fluctuations may occur on daily, monthly seasonal and yearly cycles. Petroleum products: The primary source of petroleum products is crude oil. Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth. Diesel oil, fuel oils, Gasoline, Kerosene and Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) are among the major products derived from crude oil distillation. Primary energy: Primary energy designates energy from sources that involve only extraction or capture. Primary energy is not derived from any other forms of energy. By convention, sources of energy that occur naturally such as coal,heavy fuel oil, fuel woodare termed primary energy. Primary energy consumption: The final energy consumption in which is included the losses and consumption of producers and transformers of energy. Production: Comprises gross production, i.e., the amount of electric energy produced, including that consumed by station auxiliaries and any losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the power station. Renewable energy or Renewables; Natural resources that, after exploitation, can return to their previous stock levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment. Secondary energy: Energy Observatory Report 2015 40 " P a g e Designates energy from all sources of energy that results from transformation of primary sources. e.g. electricity from coal. Solar Thermal Solar energy harnessed in the form of thermal energy Thermal plants: Comprises of conventional thermal plants of all types that require combustion of fuels to generate electricity. They include steam-operated generating plants and plants using internal combustion engines or gas turbines. Thermal sources of electricity: These include coal, oil and its derivatives and bagasse. Tonne The tonne (SI symbol: t) is a metric system unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. Tonne of oil equivalent(toe): Amount of heat obtained by the perfect combustion one tonne of oil, defined as 41.868 gigajoules. Watt (W): The conventional unit to measure a rate of conversion of energy. One watt equals to 1Joule per second. Energy Observatory Report 2015 41 " P a g e Energy conversion factors tonne toe Gasoline 1 1.08 Diesel Oil 1 1.01 Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK) 1 1.04 Fuel Oil 1 0.96 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) 1 1.08 Coal 1 0.62 Bagasse 1 0.16 Fuelwood 1 0.38 Charcoal 1 0.74 GWh ktoe Hydro/Wind/Bagasse 1 0.086 Electricity 1 0.086 1 toe = 0.041868 terajoule (TJ) (net calorific value) 12